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The relationship between these polyamyloses Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 14:46:27 +0000 The -amylose of Schardinger was found to con- tain six of the hypothetical amylose groups. Pringsheim and Langhans succeeded in depolymerising the tetra-amylose (Schardingers a-amylose) into a diamylose, while the hexa- amylose (Sohardingers amylose) on depolymerisation gave a triamylose. The relationship between these polyamyloses (tetra- and hexa-amylose) and the amylose and amylopectin of Maquenne and Roux was studied by Pringsheim and Wolfsohn. Autor of the post: Undefined Pringsheim and Langhans also observed Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 14:34:55 +0000 18 They found that Maquennes amylose could be converted into the same diamylose which was obtained from Schardingers a-amylose, while a triamylose, identical with that isolated from Schardingers amylose, could be obtained from amylopeotin either through acetylation or through heating the polysaccharides in glycerine at 200 C, a method used by Pictet and Jahn for the depolymerisation of starch. Experimental evidence had thus been brought forward in support of Pringsheims already expressed view 28 that the basic unit of Maquennes amylose is a diamylose and that of amylopectin a triamylose. Pringsheim and Langhans also observed that diamylose and its polymers gave iodine addi- tion products of metallic green needles, while triamylose and its polymers gave reddish-brown iodine compounds. Autor of the post: Undefined It reduced Fehlings solution Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 14:23:22 +0000 On treating the polyamyloses formed by Bac. macrans with cold concentrated hydrochloric acid, Pringsheim and Leibowitz 29 obtained a disaccharide which they termed amylobiose. It reduced Fehlings solution. Autor of the post: Undefined Karrer and Nageli, from their Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 14:08:54 +0000 The same substances could be obtained on treatment of amylose (Ma- quenne and Roux) with this reagent, while amylopectin yielded a reducing trisaccharide under these conditions, a substance to which Pringsheim and Leibowitz gave the name amylotriose. Both amylobiose and amylotriose, when acted upon by malt diastase, were converted quantitatively into maltose. Karrer and Nageli, from their study of the behaviour of Pringsheims polyamyloses and of starch itself towards acetyl bromide, came to the conclusion that Pringsheims diamylose as well as starch are maltose anhydrides, the starch having been polymerised to such an extent as to contain no less than eight amylose groups. Autor of the post: Undefined By adopting this formula for Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 13:51:39 +0000 31 Karrer and his collaborators regard maltose anhydride as the fundamental unit of the whole of the starch molecule both of the amylose of Maquenne and Roux and of amylopeotin. Ling and Nanji, on the other hand, regard both amylose and amylopeotin as built up of hexosans as basic units, the amylose hexosan being of a-glucosidio nature, while the amylopectin hexosan shows both a- and -glucoside Unkings in addition to one phosphoric acid group in ester formation for every three hexose groups. By adopting this formula for amylopectin, Ling and Nanji claim to have explained the formation of isomaltose as a decomposition product of amylo- pectin. Autor of the post: Undefined In the following pages Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 13:38:03 +0000 Finally Irvine and Macdonald have come to the conclusion from their study of methylated starch and starch derivatives that the ultimate unit of the starch molecule is a trihexosan, thus supporting, in some measure at least, ling and Nanjis contention. Their researches do not indicate, however, whether starch is to be considered as two different constitu- ents embodied in the amylose and amylopectin respectively of Maquenne and Boux, or whether it is to be assumed that starch is a polymer of maltose anhydride only. In the following pages the subject of the hydrolysis of starch will be dealt with on the assumption that it consists of two definite components, amylose and amylopectin, as de- fined by Maquenne and Roux. Autor of the post: Undefined If a very dilute solution Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 13:18:39 +0000 One of the most characteristic physical properties of starch is its swelling to form a viscous opalescent paste when heated in water above a certain temperature. This property is attributed to the amylopectin, while another property of the carbohydrate, the formation of a deep blue compound with iodine, is ascribed to the amylose. If a very dilute solution of a staroh-hydrolysing enzyme, an amylase, is allowed to act on a starch paste under favourable conditions, the viscous nature of the paste diminishes and disappears without the resulting solution losing its property of staining blue with iodine. Autor of the post: Undefined The first stage Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 13:05:50 +0000 Sameo observed this and pointed out that, as a result of the enzyme action, the amylopectin, the bearer of the viscous properties of the paste, must have undergone changes either through saponification of its ester Unkings or through depolymerisation into non-viscous soluble products. That the latter has actually occurred is clear from the fact that the carbohydrates of the paste still contain their phos- phorus chemically bound. The first stage in the action of enzymes upon starch is therefore a depolymerisation of at least one constituent of the starch granule. Autor of the post: Undefined Earlier investigators had interpreted Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 12:49:36 +0000 For this reaction to take place, a reaction which does not lead to the formation of FehUng-reduoing substances (since the elements of water do not enter the polyamylose molecule), Pringsheim assumes the presence of specific depolymerising enzymes in amylase. This view is not accepted by Nishimura, who regards amylase as being composed of one enzyme only, having the ability to perform both the saooharification and the de- polymerisation, the latter notably in the presence of an activator, perhaps identical with Pringsheim and Beisers co-enzyme. Earlier investigators had interpreted the conversion of the viscous opalescent starch paste into a clear solution in a different manner. Autor of the post: Undefined How far it is justifiable Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 12:35:35 +0000 The resolution was connected by them with a partial hydrolysis of the starch granule through an enzyme, sometimes termed dextrinase (Pottevin ), leading to the formation of a series of dextrins ranging from the amylodextrins, which showed comparatively small Fehling- reducing powers, and retained the faculty of giving a blue reaction product with iodine, to the achroodextrins, or simply dextrins (Czapek ), where the Fehling-reducing properties had increased considerably and the iodine coloration had been lost. Between these extremes were found other dex- trins, sometimes termed erythrodextrins, which showed an intermediate Fehling reduction and stained reddish-brown with iodine. How far it is justifiable to assume with Prings- heim that amylase contains both a depolymerising and a dextrinising enzyme in addition to saccharifying enzymes remains an open question. 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