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The saooharification of the depolymerised Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 12:17:16 +0000 The assumption does not appear essential, since the opening of the depolymerised amylose and amylopectin through the introduction of the elements of water might well be due to a saccharifying enzyme if present in the amylase. That thin saccharifying enzyme IB different from the liquefying enzyme is clear from the work of Olsson, 87 who found that addition of certain poisons reduced its action without interfering with the activity of the liquefying enzyme. The saooharification of the depolymerised amylose and amylopectin does not proceed at the same rate. Autor of the post: Undefined The saocharification of the amylopectin Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 12:05:04 +0000 This was noted very early in the history of starch sacoharification. The amylose always becomes smoothly and rapidly converted into the theoretical amount of maltose, a disaccharide which under normal conditions represents the final stage of starch hydrolysis by many types of amylase. The saocharification of the amylopectin, on the other hand, is slower, and usually ceases when about per cent, of the theoretical amount of maltose has been formed. Autor of the post: Undefined The formation of this residual Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 11:45:08 +0000 The residue, a residual dextrin, was found by Pringsheim and Beiser to be a trisaccharide identical with trihexosan. But even this, according to Prings- heim and Beiser, may be converted into maltose by the saccharifying enzyme when a co-enzyme or complement, in the form of yeast extract, is added. The formation of this residual dextrin and its saccharification to maltose in the presence of a complement lend considerable weight to Prings- heims suggestion that amylopectin is composed of a triglu- cose as basic unit. Autor of the post: Undefined Pringsheim visualizes the conversion Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 11:35:03 +0000 The nature of the complement has been studied by Pringsheim, Bondi, and Thilo . It would appear to be a trypsin decomposition product of albumin, and it is present in yeast owing to autolysis of the yeast cells. Pringsheim visualizes the conversion of a triglucosan into maltose by assuming that the active enzyme splits off one molecule of maltose, leaving the remaining glucose radical to condense with another glucose radical liberated from another molecule of the trigluoosan. Autor of the post: Undefined Interesting light has subsequently been thrown Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 11:18:44 +0000 In support of this explanation he quotes Hess, Weltzien, and Messmers researches on the auto-condensation of glucose anhydride to form cellobiose, a view which is not accepted by Kuhn.That the incomplete conversion of amylopectin into maltose may sometimes be due to the absence of optimal hydrogen-ion concentrations was shown by Maquenne and Roux.Interesting light has subsequently been thrown on the nature of the various existing amylases by the researches of Kuhn. Autor of the post: Undefined At low temperatures Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 11:05:46 +0000 He bases his investigations on the observations of Brown and Heron that the hydrolysis of starch by malt amylase at proceeds at the same rate both as regards increase in copper-reducing properties and polarimetric changes, and on Brown and Morriss conclusions that this is not the case when the hydrolysis takes place at a low tem- perature. Kuhn brings forward evidence to show that these divergences are due to the fact that malt amylase liberates maltose in the glucosidic form. At low temperatures and at the optimal hydrogen-ion concentration of malt amylase this maltose is converted comparatively slowly into the stable maltose mixture. Autor of the post: Undefined This shows that two distinct Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 10:52:30 +0000 The establishment of a polari- metric equilibrium in the hydrolysed starch paste will there- fore lag behind the changes in copper-reducing powers in this case. Where pancreas amylase or taka-diastase is used to hydro- lyse starch, Kuhn finds that the maltose is initially liberated in the a-glucosidio form. This shows that two distinct types of amylase exist, an a-amylase originating from animal sources and from taka-diastase, and a amylase from vege- table sources other than taka-diastase and present in emulsin and in malt amylase. Autor of the post: Undefined A deduction which Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 10:36:43 +0000 In a later paper Kuhn remarks that in view of its behaviour towards animal and vegetable amylases the starch granule probably consists of carbohydrates in which a and linkings occur in regular sequence between the glucose residues com- posing them. This, ap will be recollected, had been already suggested by Ling and Nanji in the case of amylopectin, Kuhn does not accept the -view that Pringsheims polyamy- loses or hexosans are the basic units of the starch molecule, since each of them only shows the characteristics of starch to a limited extent. A deduction which is of interest from the point of view of the miorobiologist was made by Pringsheim and Leibowitz 46 from Kuhns earlier work. Autor of the post: Undefined Before leaving the subject Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 10:19:56 +0000 They considered that if both a and gluoosidic Hnkings occur in the carbohydrates of starch it should be possible to obtain glucose direct from starch if a mixture of and amylase is made to act on a starch paste. That this was possible they demonstrated experi- mentally, thus showing that it is not essential to assume, as had been done by earlier investigators (Beijerinck ), that a special maltase must be present in an amylase which sac- charifies starch with the production of both maltose and glucose. Before leaving the subject of the chemistry of starch, a few words must be devoted to the observations of Wolff and Fernbach that unripe cereals and leaves contain an enzyme which precipitates soluble starch from its solutions. Autor of the post: Undefined Glycogen Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 10:04:16 +0000 This enzyme they term amylocoagulase. Beyond the observa- tions by Joszt that amylocoagulase is destroyed on heating to for six minutes, and that it differs markedly from the saccharifying enzyme, little is known of this interesting substance, which in the writers view probably plays a con- siderable role in the action of micro-organisms on starch, since it frequently occurs that a starch paste inoculated with starch hydrolysing micro-organisms has its colloidal properties destroyed long before the production of aoidic fermentation products can have accumulated sufficiently to cause this change. Glycogen. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |