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With iodine it forms Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 9:50:25 +0000 Glycogen, the reserve carbohydrate of animals and of many lower saprophytio and parasitic plants, re- sembles starch in some of its properties. It forms a white amorphous powder which yields opalescent colloidal sus- pensions in water. With iodine it forms a reddish-brown compound resembling that of the erythrodextrins. Autor of the post: Undefined According to Har- den Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 9:36:40 +0000 When acted upon by amylase it undergoes decomposition processes similar to those of starch (Musculus and Mering), 49 and yields dextrins and maltose. These changes, according to Cremer,proceed slower than in the case of starch. According to Har- den and Young the rate seems to vary with the type of glycogen used. Autor of the post: Undefined The presence or absence Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 9:17:38 +0000 The glycogen-hydrolysing enzyme, glyco- genase, was found by Pick in various animal tissues, and was observed as an endo-enzyme in yeast by Buchner and Rapp. Norris found that the hydrolysis proceeded much faster during the early stages and seldom converted the carbo- hydrate quantitatively. The presence or absence of electro- lytes in the enzyme was shown by him to have a considerable effect on the rate of hydrolysis, dialysed enzymes having practically no action at all. Autor of the post: Undefined Inulin Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 9:05:25 +0000 An interesting account of the constitution of glycogen has been given by Pringsheim and Beiser, who suggest that, apart perhaps from its content of electrolytes, it is identical with amylopectin. They arrive at this conclusion from their observations that both glycogen and amylopeotin yield the same depolymerisation products on heating with glycerin and by treatment with hydrochloric acid. Inulin. Autor of the post: Undefined On hydrolysis it is converted Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 8:49:53 +0000 This, the third important polysaccharide which will be touched upon in subsequent pages, forms white sphere- crystals and occurs as a reserve carbohydrate in the roots and tubers of certain plants. Czapek 86 records its presence in certain algae. On hydrolysis it is converted quantitatively into fructose. Autor of the post: Undefined Karrer assumes that these Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 8:37:01 +0000 The determinations of the molecular weight of its acetyl ester led Pringsheim. and Aronowsky to conclude that its molecule contains nine fructose residues. Karrer assumes that these are present without internal polymerisa- tion, but Pringsheim and Aronowsky see in its molecule an aggregation of three groups of an anhydro-tri-fructosan, a view which appears to have been accepted by Irvine. Autor of the post: Undefined Intermediate con- densation products between Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 8:26:44 +0000 A characteristic of inulin is its rapid hydrolysis to fructose without the formation of detectable intermediate decom- position products. This would appear to indicate that the individual fructose radical occurs in a particularly active form, as a so-called y-sugar. Intermediate con- densation products between fructose and inulin have been shown by Tanret to occur in tissues of certain plants. Autor of the post: Undefined Six decades later, in 1877 Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 8:08:25 +0000 IT was mentioned in Chapter I that de Saussure 1 had ob- served that a starch paste left exposed to the atmosphere became spontaneously decomposed. This is probably the first record of a hydrolysis of starch by micro-organisms. Six decades later, in 1877 and in 1878, Fitz 2 studied the schizomycete fermentation of starch and dextrin, while Wortmann 8 succeeded in isolating enzymes from a crude culture of Bact. Autor of the post: Undefined These investigations were followed Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 7:54:43 +0000 irmo, a species which is now considered synonymous with the putrefying Bact. vulgare Lehmann and Neumann. These investigations were followed in rapid succession by a large number of publications, illustrating the widespread property among micro-organisms of hydrolysing starch. Autor of the post: Undefined Even among the three classes Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 7:42:01 +0000 Following the procedure adopted by Thaysen and Bunker in their treatise on the microbiological decomposition of cellulose, the writers have grouped the existing information on microbiological starch hydrolysis under three headings, as caused by bacteria, by actinomyoetes, and by fungi. No reference will be made to the amylolytic properties of the myxomycetes and of the algae, a subject which is dealt with in several leading text-books on plant physiology and plant chemistry. Even among the three classes of micro- organisms selected it has been found necessary to restrict the discussion to the most important groups. 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