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The list is not complete Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 7:23:56 +0000 The fact that most, if not all, existing fungi, a very large number of bacteria, and many actinomyoetes hydrolyse starch makes it quite im- possible within the scope of the present volume to give a detailed description of each individual type producing Following the first more or less incidental observations of undertook a more comprehensive study of the behaviour of a number of well-known bacteria towards starch. The list in Table I contains those types found by him to produce starch- hydrolysing enzymes as well as some additional forms which from time to time have been studied from this point of view. The list is not complete, and could not claim to be complete, since the whole subject of the action of individual species of bacteria on starch, glycogen, and inulin is one which has not yet been systematically explored. Autor of the post: Undefined vulgare Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 7:04:59 +0000 The nature of bacterial amylase has not been studied in detail. The isolation of the enzyme appears to have been carried out only in a few cases, for instance in those of Bad. vulgare. Autor of the post: Undefined In most cases where bacterial Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 6:51:31 +0000 Here Wortmann obtained an amylase by the addition of alcohol to a culture of the test organism. He found that the enzyme, when dissolved in water, acted both at neutral and at acid reactions, the latter being the more favourable. In most cases where bacterial amylase has been studied, the investigators have employed, not the isolated enzyme, but a bacterial culture, added to a starch paste or a solidified A technique such as this cannot be regarded as altogether satisfactory, particularly where no care is taken to destroy the living cells producing the enzyme. Autor of the post: Undefined Leaving out of account Fitzs Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 6:37:49 +0000 And even with this ensured it cannot a priori be assumed that the cultures do not contain other enzymes, in addition to the amylase, which would seriously influence the nature of the products of hydro- lysis. This deficiency in technique is conceivably responsible for the great difference of opinion which prevails as to the changes suffered by starch through the action of bacterial amylase. Leaving out of account Fitzs assertion that only the amylose of the starch granule becomes affected by the enzyme, an assertion which is contradicted by all subsequent investigators, the available information indicates that the attacked starch may be decomposed in different ways. Autor of the post: Undefined Finally, in some cases both Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 6:21:39 +0000 It may be depolymerised to lower hexosans (Schardinger), and these be converted into the final fermentation products with the formation of but a slight excess of reducing sugars (Euler and Svanberg ). In other cases dextrins may be formed and no reducing sugars (Villiers ), Kerry and Fran- kel and Siedish . Finally, in some cases both dextrins and reducing sugars may be produced, the latter composed either of maltose (Beijerinck ) or of glucose (Bitter and Du- pont ). Autor of the post: Undefined On one point only do Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 6:05:48 +0000 Further work is evidently required to elucidate the nature of the decomposition products, particularly as the same type of bacterium is sometimes recorded to have yielded one set of products and sometimes another. At the moment the changes caused by bacterial amylase are obscure. On one point only do the various investigators appear to agree, and that is in allotting two enzymes to the bacterial amylases, a depolymerising enzyme and a saccharifying enzyme. Autor of the post: Undefined Very little additional information Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 5:47:27 +0000 Whether the latter is of on a- or a glucosidic nature or a mixture of both remains to be decided. The reported conversion of starch into glucose as the final product of hydrolysis (Du- pont , and Sclavo and Gosio ) might conceivably point to the latter being the case. Very little additional information is available on bacterial amylases. Autor of the post: Undefined They would neverthe- less appear Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 5:35:49 +0000 Efiront 37 records that they are readily extractable by maceration. The enzymes studied by Fermi were active Fermis experiments to destroy them. They would neverthe- less appear to be more thermolabile than malt amylase. Autor of the post: Undefined The latter statement is interesting Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 5:25:37 +0000 On the subject of the range of their hydrogen ion concentrations little is known beyond Fermis observations recorded in Table I. It should be mentioned also that 6 per cent, of phenol, or saturation of their solutions with salicylic acid, or addition of 10 per cent sodium carbonate, were found by Fermi not to interfere with their action. The latter statement is interesting since it indicates that a hydroxyl ion concentration equal to a pH value of about pH should be unable to affect the normal functioning of the enzyme. Autor of the post: Undefined Kodama and Takeda recommend Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 5:11:04 +0000 Of interest from the point of view of pathological bacteri- ology are Kodama and Takedas observations on the starch hydrolysing properties of Vibro cholerae and Vedders on those, of Micrococcus gonorrhoeae. In the case of Vibrio cholerae the observations have inspired the elaboration of a method for detecting this micro-organism in faecal matter, and in the case of Micrococcus gonorrhoeae the preparation of a suitable culture medium. Kodama and Takeda recommend the inoculation of cho- lera suspected excreta into peptone water containing starch, the addition of iodine indicates the disappearance of the starch, through the absence of the typical blue reaction with iodine, the suspicion is justified that Vibrio cholerae was present in the faecal matter tested. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |