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But even here it re- Post Date: Fri, 1 Aug 2008 11:05:05 +0000 He emphasizes, however, that an inverting enzyme is contained in such cultures, and thus indirectly admits that the surprising results of his experi- ments with glucose and fructose must have been due to faulty technique and not to an abnormal behaviour of the micro- organisms studied. More important evidence in favour of a direct assimilation of saccharose was brought forward by Gayon and Dubourg, who observed that certain mannitol- producing bacteria could ferment saccharose readily without producing mannitol, but yielded considerable quantities of this alcohol when acting on fructose. But even here it re- mains to be shown that fructose as liberated from saccharose cannot act differently in statu nascendi from the fructose More recently Willstatter and Lowry have recorded ob- servations on the behaviour of a saccharose fermenting yeast which, according to these writers, support the view that a direct fermentation of disaccharides is possible without preliminary hydrolysis. Autor of the post: Undefined This view is held Post Date: Fri, 1 Aug 2008 10:54:11 +0000 Willstatter and Lowry found that a certain saccharose fermenting yeast would retain from 70-80 per cent, of its fermenting properties unimpaired under conditions which reduced the action of its saccharase by 95 per cent. It is not shown, however, that this remaining 5 per cent, of saccharase is insufficient to maintain the some- what reduced fermentative activity of the yeast in question, or that sufficient enzymes, as suggested by von Euler, may not be produced during the actual fermentation to ensure this reduced rate of fermentation. This view is held by Cohn, 11 who points out that the performance of an enzyme is not a simple function of its quantity, and that a retardation of the fermentation of saccharose occurs on the partial inaotivation of the saccharase of the yeast employed for its fermentation. Autor of the post: Undefined Stachyose, a tetrasaccharide present Post Date: Fri, 1 Aug 2008 10:39:02 +0000 There are thus at present no grounds, as Cohn rightly asserts, for assuming a direct fermentation of saccharose. In recording the available information on the action of there is at present little justification for not inquiring in the first instance into the hydrolysing actions taking place before proceeding to discuss the chemical changes to which monoses are subjected by micro-organisms for the liberation of the energy accumulated in these substances. Stachyose, a tetrasaccharide present in a number of plants, was~fiB3t~ discovered by von Planta and Schulze 12 in the tubers of Stachys tubrifra. Autor of the post: Undefined To demonstrate this Post Date: Fri, 1 Aug 2008 10:23:39 +0000 On partial hydrolysis it yields one molecule of fructose and one molecule of mannotriose, the latter yielding glucose and galactose on decomposition. Theinformationavailable as to the action of mioro-organisms will show that microbiological action runs parallel if it is not identical with the action of other hydrolysing agents. To demonstrate this is the chief justification for including in the present pages the often very fragmentary information avail able on the subject. Autor of the post: Undefined Vintilesco, who reinvestigated Post Date: Fri, 1 Aug 2008 10:03:50 +0000 The hydrolysis of stachyose by Aspergillus nigr was studied by Tanret, who found that the tetrasacoharide was first broken down to fructose and mannotriose, the latter subsequently being slowly decomposed. He was unable to decide whether the action on mannotriose was due to the saccharase produced by the fungus or to some other enzyme. Vintilesco, who reinvestigated the action otAspergittus on stachyose, came to the conclusion that saccharase had no action on mannotriose, but that in the presence of saccharase and emulsin-oontaining glucosidio enzymes stachyose breaks down into its component monoses, fructose, glucose, and galactose. Autor of the post: Undefined The latter statement undoubtedly requires Post Date: Fri, 1 Aug 2008 9:52:19 +0000 More recently Neuberg and Lachmann 16 have studied the action of the enzyme mixture of kephir on stachyose and have found that it liberates fructose. They ascribe this action to the lactase contained in the enzyme mixture and mention that yeast maltase contained in the enzyme mixture has a similar action on stachyose. The latter statement undoubtedly requires verification, since mal- tase hydrolyses a-glucosides only, while lactase decomposes glucosidio carbohydrates. Autor of the post: Undefined Meyer gave the first description Post Date: Fri, 1 Aug 2008 9:39:17 +0000 It is noteworthy that lactase should have been unable to attack mannotriose in Neuberg and Lachm arms investiga- tions since emulsin, according to them, has a slight hydro- lysing action on the trisaccharides. HYDBOLTSIS OF TKESAOOHAJRIDBS Gentianose. Meyer gave the first description of gentianose, which he obtained from the rhizomes of Gentiana litiea. Autor of the post: Undefined That this action was due Post Date: Fri, 1 Aug 2008 9:23:55 +0000 The carbohydrate was shown by Bourquelot and Herissey to be a trisaccharide. On subjecting gentianose to the action of the enzyme mixture produced by AspergUhts niger, Bourquelot 18 ob- served a complete hydrolysis of the trisaccharide into its component monoses, fructose and glucose. That this action was due to more than one enzyme he concluded from the fact that sacoharase obtained from yeast liberated fructose but left unattacked a disaccharide, gentiobiose, composed of two gluoose molecules, and regarded by Berlin 19 as identical with Fischers isomaltose. Autor of the post: Undefined Here the roots are used Post Date: Fri, 1 Aug 2008 9:11:50 +0000 In a later paper Bourquelot and Hissey 20 state that the complete hydrolysis of gentianose by AspergiUus niger occurs in two stages, the liberation of fructose by the saccharase of the fungus and the subsequent hydrolysis of the gentiobiose by an enzyme either identical with, or contained in, emulsin. Gentianose has a limited practical use in mountainous countries where Gentiana species occur in abundance. Here the roots are used for the preparation of an alcoholic beverage, the making of which was investigated by Guyot. Autor of the post: Undefined It was first isolated Post Date: Fri, 1 Aug 2008 8:52:53 +0000 Raffinose or Melitriose occurs as a normal constituent of the carbohydrates in sugar beet. It is therefore of consider- able practical interest. It was first isolated by Loiseau from beet molasses and haa shown to yield fructose, galactose, and glucose on hydrolysis. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |