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coli commune and Bad Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 17:45:37 +0000 It can be obtained by hydrolysis of cellulose acetate or by the action of micro-organisms on cellulose. The property of hydrolysing cellobiose is probably wide- spread among micro-organisms, but so far only two groups of bacteria, Bad. coli commune and Bad. Autor of the post: Undefined ladis aerogenes while the typical Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 17:31:42 +0000 lactis aerogenes, appear to have been tested for their fermentative action on cellobiose. Both Jones and Wise and Koser have found that cello- biose is fermented by Bad. ladis aerogenes while the typical Bad. Autor of the post: Undefined Possessing a glucosidic Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 17:13:49 +0000 coli commune does not do so. They see in this fact a means of differentiating the two types. Possessing a glucosidic constitution emulsin has been regarded as the enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of cellobiose (Fischer and Zemplen ). Autor of the post: Undefined That the sugar resulting Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 16:56:12 +0000 Bertrand and Compton have shown, however, that this is not the case and that a specific cellobiose or cellase occurs in nature. The cellobiase isolated from Apergillus niger was found by them to be most active at a pH value of about , while the optimum activity of emulsin was found to be nearer the alkaline side of the neutral point. That the sugar resulting from the hydrolysis of cellobiose by Aspergilli is glucose was shown by Bertrand and Hol- Lactose. Autor of the post: Undefined Subsequently Emil Fischer obtained Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 16:40:05 +0000 The association of lactose hydrolysing enzymes with the activity of lactose fermenting micro-organisms was first suggested by Naegeli (see Oppenheimer ). Seven years later, in 1889, Beijerinck 114 turned his attention to lactose fermenting yeasts and came to the conclusion that their fermentative power was intimately connected with the pro- duction by them of a lactose hydrolysing enzyme which he termed lactase. Subsequently Emil Fischer obtained a laotaae from kephir granules, a material from which he found the enzyme easier to extract than from yeast. Autor of the post: Undefined In many types of bacteria Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 16:24:16 +0000 Fischer also suggested that the lactase of yeast might be different from that of kephir since the latter is more resistant towards alcohol than the former. Its presence in actinomycetes, organisms which are some- times reported (Bergey ) to produce acid in milk, has not been demonstrated.In many types of bacteria which ferment lactose it is to be assumed that lactase is present. Autor of the post: Undefined The isolation of lactase Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 16:11:22 +0000 But except for those types which with yeast constitute the kephir granules, the presence of the enzyme has not been demonstrated. And even here the lactase may have been derived from the yeast and not from the bacteria. The isolation of lactase in substance has never progressed beyond Beijerinoks attempts at precipitating it from a yeast culture with per cent, alcohol, and Barendrechts method of adsorbing it on kieselguhr added to a culture of kephir yeast grown in whey for hours. Autor of the post: Undefined And from Bokornys 124 demonstration Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 15:58:40 +0000 Information on the nature and the properties of lactase is limited to a few indirect observations on its temperature range and hydrogen ion concentration. lactose more readily at than at it may be con- cluded that the optimum temperature for the activity of lactase is to be found nearer the former than the latter tem- perature. And from Bokornys 124 demonstration that lactase is highly resistant even to high concentrations of lactic acid it follows that its optimum temperature is to be sought well on the acid side of the neutral point. Autor of the post: Undefined Before leaving the subject Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 15:47:02 +0000 Though Beijerinck and Barendrecht obtained their lactase preparations from the medium in which kephir yeast had developed without first destroying and disintegrating the cells, the opinion is frequently expressed (Pottevin 117 ; Bierry and Coupin 118 ; and Coupia 126 ) that lactase is an endoenzyme. This view is supported by Fischers statement that it is necessary to disintegrate the cells before lactase can be ex- tracted from kephir yeast. Before leaving the subject of lactase reference must be made to certain bacteria of the coH-paratyphosum group, first observed by Neisser and subsequently studied by Mas- sini , Burri and others. Autor of the post: Undefined The acquisition was for Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 15:31:32 +0000 These types possess the faculty of acquiring fermentative powers towards lactose or saccharose when grown for some days in a medium containing lactose and saccharose respectively. When first observed, the acquisition by these bacteria of fermentative power towards lactose and saccharose appeared to be spontaneous, occurring in a few cells of a colony or a culture. The acquisition was for that reason described as a mutation. 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