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coli commune and Bact Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 13:05:47 +0000 But he was unable to base any system of classification on their behaviour towards glucosides since two types of one sub-group might differ in this respect while two members of different sub-groups might show an identical behaviour towards gluoosides. A year before Tworts publication van der Leck u had emphasized the value of the use of glucosides as a means of differentiating bacteria and had shown that Bact. coli commune and Bact. Autor of the post: Undefined Molisch found that types Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 12:47:05 +0000 lactis aerogenes are both capable of hydrolysing indican and aesculin. Van der Leek based his technique on the method introduced by Molisch, 12 who tested bacteria for glucoside hydrolysing properties by cultivating them on an agar prepared by the addition of the required percentage of the gel to an extract of Indigofra leaves. Molisch found that types of bacteria capable of hydrolysing indioan produced a blue growth on this medium. Autor of the post: Undefined coli commune, on the other Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 12:30:05 +0000 The action of bacteria on gluoosides was also studied by Fermi and Montesano, 13 who showed that amygdalin is hydro- lysed by M icrococcus pyogenes tenuis and usually by Vibrio Metchnikoff, at least when freshly isolated strains are em- ployed. JBact. coli commune, on the other hand, sometimes gave negative results, an observation which is not altogether surprising considering the wide range of variation represented. Autor of the post: Undefined This is of considerable interest Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 12:19:58 +0000 The findings of Fermi and Montesano were confirmed some years later by Tworts observations referred to above. In Fermi and Montesanos experiments Ba Megatherium, Sarcina aurantiaca, and Corynebacterium dipMieriae were sometimes found capable of hydrolysing amygdalin. This is of considerable interest, particularly as regards the last-named type, since none of the typical aotinomycetes tested by Fermi and Montesano were found capable of hydrolysing glucosides. Autor of the post: Undefined MAJTDTAOTUBB OE INDIGO Like retting Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 12:00:25 +0000 On the subject of the physical properties of glucosidases secreted by bacteria and fungi, information is limited to the observations of Bourquelot and Aubrey and of Fischer The hydrolysis of glucosides by micro-organisms has acquired practical importance in two directions, in the pro- duction of natural indigo and in the fermentation of tannin. In both cases the hydrolysis of a glucoside, or at least of a compound related to the gluoosides, is an essential part of the industrial process involved. MAJTDTAOTUBB OE INDIGO Like retting, the preparation of natural indigo is an agri- cultural process traceable to remote antiquity. Autor of the post: Undefined The process, in brief outline Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 11:50:07 +0000 And even more than retting has indigo preparation been allowed to proceed on old established lines without any serious attempt to apply the result of scientific investigation, despite the pressure of competition brought about by the introduction of synthetic indigo. Indigo can be prepared from plants which produce the glucoside indican. The process, in brief outline, consists in an extraction of the indican-containing tissues, usually the leaves, with eight to ten parts of water at ordinary tempera- tures, followed by an oxidation of the extract in a process termed the beating process, during which the indoxyl in the extract is converted into indigotin. Autor of the post: Undefined Some investigators, notably Braudat Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 11:37:05 +0000 The extraction, usually known as the fermentation, is allowed to proceed as a rule for to hours, and is the stage during which microbiological activity predominates. Though in- vestigators agree that a varied and vigorous microflora exists in the extraction vats during fermentation, the part it takes in the hydrolysis of indican to indoxyl and glucose has been very differently estimated. Some investigators, notably Braudat and Beijerinck, have expressed the view that the conversion of the indican to indoxyl is due solely to the action of a specific enzyme secreted by the plant tissues. Autor of the post: Undefined As early as 1887 Alvarez Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 11:25:57 +0000 Others, Molisch for instance, while not denying that micro- organisms are capable of converting indican to indigotin and admitting (Bergtheil) that the microflora may exercise some slight action, still see the chief hydrolysing agency in a specific enzyme produced by the plant tissues, or regard the conversion as a purely chemical reaction (Molisoh ). Alvarez, and more recently Davis , maintain that the mioroflora present in the steeping vats is the chief hydrolysing agent and regard the action of any indican hydrolysing enzyme pro- duced by the plant tissues as of secondary importance if not actually detrimental. As early as 1887 Alvarez isolated a bacterium in pure culture from the content of steeping vats, a bacterium which he found capable of hydrolysing indican and therefore termed Bact. Autor of the post: Undefined Davis accepts Alvarezs claim Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 11:10:12 +0000 indigogenum. He described it as a short rod with rounded ends, often occurring in pairs or short chains. Davis accepts Alvarezs claim that micro-organisms constitute the normal agency for the conversion of indican into indoyl, and supplies data supporting this, showing also that in actual practice the yield of indigotin depends on the presence of an adequate number of suitable bacteria in the tanks used for extraction, a number which may be supplied naturally with the steeping water or introduced artificially as pure cultures. Autor of the post: Undefined Though he gives but few Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 10:58:36 +0000 Using a medium consisting of an indigo leaf extract and the requisite percentage of agar, Hutchinson (see Davis ) was able to sub-divide these indican hydrolysing micro- organisms into two groups, an active group producing in- tensely blue colonies and a poor type giving pale blue or colourless colonies. Where the former type predominated good yields of indoxyl could always be relied upon, while a large number of faintly staining types gave rise to destructive changes with resulting loss in yield of quality of indigo. Though he gives but few details on the fermentation process, it is clear from Daviss papers that considerable quantities of carbon dioxide are produced during the de- composition of the glucose liberated through the hydrolysis of indican. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |