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Davis observed that the extraction Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 10:40:16 +0000 In fact this carbon dioxide is claimed to be almost entirely responsible for the very marked acidity which, if not checked, may cause considerable loss in yield and quality of the resulting dye. On the other hand, a certain acidity of the water used for extraction is stated to be essen- tial, since the indican cannot diffuse out into the water surrounding the leaves under neutral or alkaline conditions. Davis observed that the extraction of the glucoside and the development of acidity proceeded almost concurrently. Autor of the post: Undefined The liquor from the steeping Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 10:24:40 +0000 Both increased during the earlier stages in direct proportion to time. An accumulation of indioan in the extract did not occur, the glucoside being hydrolysed into indoxyl and glucose as rapidly as it passed into solution. The liquor from the steeping or fermentation vats is usually of a pale yellow colour with a greenish fluorescence. Autor of the post: Undefined Where the fer- mentation had Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 10:10:16 +0000 Im- mediately on being drawn from the vat it is subjected to an oxidation through which the comparatively unstable indoxyl is converted into indigotin. The efficiency of this conversion was found by Davis to depend on several factors, principally on the acidity developed during steeping. Where the fer- mentation had given rise to a high acidity, owing to the accumulation of acid forming micro-organisms, the efficiency of the oxidation was low. Autor of the post: Undefined He sees a further sign Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 9:59:52 +0000 Neutralizing the acidity resulted in improved yields. Davis regards the conversion of indoxyl into indigo brown, a substance which does not oxidize to indigotin under normal conditions, as due to an excessive initial acidity in the steeping liquor. He sees a further sign of the serious effects of a high acidity in the solution of plant proteins and their subsequent precipitation during beating. Autor of the post: Undefined The varied microflora which must Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 9:43:08 +0000 These are the proteins which are described in indigo tech- nology as indigo gluten. Not infrequently this indigo gluten represents as much as per cent, of an ordinary cake of indigo. The varied microflora which must be introduced into the steeping vats with fresh leaves no doubt contains many types capable of producing volatile and non-volatile acids from the glucose liberated during the hydrolysis of the indican. Autor of the post: Undefined This apparent anomaly renders Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 9:28:47 +0000 It is noteworthy that this flora should be unable to form these acids under the conditions prevailing in the steeping vats. Davis specifically mentions that volatile acids such as formic, acetio, and butyric acids are not met with, in appreciable quantities during normal fermentations, and that lactic, citric, and tartaric acids usually were absent. This apparent anomaly renders a further study of the physiology of the true indican hydrolysing bacteria most desirable. Autor of the post: Undefined THE PBODUOTION" OF OAUUKJ AOTD Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 9:18:26 +0000 The oxidation process completed, the indigotin is allowed to settle, and, together with admixed indigo brown, indigo gluten, and other impurities, is collected in paste form. The paste is usually heated to a temperature sufficient to prevent further microbiological activity and is then allowed to dry under neutral conditions. THE PBODUOTION" OF OAUUKJ AOTD THROUGH THE FERMENTATION" OF TANNIN" The conversion of tannin into gallic acid must have been one of the earliest biological reactions to be seriously investigated. Autor of the post: Undefined A clear conception Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 8:58:41 +0000 As early as 1785 Scheele expressed the view that gallic acid exists in gall apples but cannot be extracted directly owing to its being protected by other substances which only a decay of the apples can remove. This view was not accepted by subsequent investigators. A clear conception of the formation of gallic acid was not obtained until nearly a century later when van Tieghem showed that gallic acid is formed by the decomposition of tannin present in gall apples. Autor of the post: Undefined Van Tieghem ascribed the conversion Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 8:40:21 +0000 Since then interest has become centred on the question of the agent responsible for the conversion of tannin. Various fungi developing on gall apples during their decay, their fer- mentation, were usually thought to be associated with the conversion, though Robiquet maintained that a plant enzyme, a pectase, was the responsible agent. Van Tieghem ascribed the conversion to the activity of an enzyme secreted by the fungi present, but failed to prove this. Autor of the post: Undefined The progress of the fermentation Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 8:23:49 +0000 When Duclaux succeeded in doing so a fairly accurate impression was ob- ditions. The apples swell and, through the action of the fungi developing on tfiem, undergo a fermentation in which no appreciable evolution of gas occurs except where yeast is added to remove the glucose liberated by the hydrolysis of the tannin. The progress of the fermentation is followed by determining the decrease in glucose present. 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