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The reason for this was Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 8:09:06 +0000 When com- plete, a yield of 30 to 60 per cent, of gallic acid should have accumulated. In practice, however, the yield is often as low as per cent. The reason for this was shown by Knudson to be due to various causes, primarily to the absence of suit- able fungi, and secondly to lack of a certain percentage of an additional food other than tannin. Autor of the post: Undefined But to ensure an economic Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 7:50:14 +0000 In his experiments Peni- cittium rugulosum and AspergiHus niger were the only fungi studied which developed normally at tannin concentrations higher than 10 per cent. This growth was found most rapid hi concentrations of about 16 per cent, of tannin and under aerobic conditions. But to ensure an economic conversion of the tannin into gallic acid he found it necessary to add 10 per cent, of cane sugar. Autor of the post: Undefined The fact that numerous products Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 7:37:11 +0000 This prevented the fungi from breaking mycelium of Aaprgillus nigr, the more active of the two converted by micro-organisms into their component monoses results in the liberation of very little energy, far from sufficient to cover the requirements of the cells responsible for the hydrolysis. To satisfy these requirements the liberated monoses must undergo decomposition. The fact that numerous products result from this de- composition has been regarded as an indication that micro- organisms possess a large number of enzymes, each of them responsible for a specific change of the monose molecule. Autor of the post: Undefined Quastel favours the assumption Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 7:21:42 +0000 Recent investigations, however, indicate that these changes are the result of comparatively few and simple reactions, catalysed in some manner hitherto not definitely ascer- tained. To explain these reactions Oppenheimer and Neu- berg 1 suggest the functioning of a single group of enzymes which they term desmolases. Quastel favours the assumption of the presence of powerful electrical fields on the surface of the bacterial cell membrane. Autor of the post: Undefined With the accumulation of experimental Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 7:09:31 +0000 But it may well be that some other explanation will in time be found to be a more suitable working theory. Until about the second decade of the present century it was customary to speak of the carbohydrate decomposing activities of micro-organisms as oxidation processes by which food substances such as monoses became decomposed, either in the presence of atmospheric oxygen (aerobic respiration), or of oxygen contained as an integral part of the mole- cule of one of the substances which were being decomposed (anaerobic respiration, fermentation). With the accumulation of experimental evidence in support of Wielands theory on the chemistry of respiration this view had to be abandoned in favour of the assumption that hydro- gen atoms, contained in the decomposing molecule, became activated before oxygen entered the field of reaction. Autor of the post: Undefined Such substances as methylene blue Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 6:56:30 +0000 Through their activation the hydrogen atoms were rendered capable of combining with oxygen or with any other sub- stances capable of combining with activated hydrogen. The molecule containing the activated hydrogen atoms is termed the hydrogen donator, the oxygen, or any other hydrogen absorbing molecule or molecule radical, the hydrogen ac- ceptor. Such substances as methylene blue, litmus, and nitrates can function as hydrogen acceptors. Autor of the post: Undefined It is clear from Quastels Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 6:38:58 +0000 Very interesting work on the activating properties of certain facultative anaerobic and obligatory aerobic micro- organisms has been carried out by Quastel and his collabo- rators ; work which has demonstrated experimentally that these organisms activate the molecules of the substances to be dehydrogenated (oxidized) before a fermentation takes place. This activation involves in some cases the hydrogen donator only, in others both the hydrogen donator and the hydrogen acceptor. It is clear from Quastels work that the activation of the hydrogen donator is essential in all cases, but that certain hydrogen acceptors, methylene blue for instance, are able to function without preliminary activation. Autor of the post: Undefined As a result Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 6:23:21 +0000 Atmospheric oxygen possibly belongs to those hydrogen acceptors which function without preliminary activation. Some authorities, however, among them Hopkins, Rapkine and Wurmster, Oppenheimer, von Scent-Gybrgyi, and Kluyver and Donker, favour the view that an activation is essential before oxygen becomes capable of combining with activated hydrogen. As a result of the transfer of hydrogen to the acceptor, the energy necessary for growth is liberated and substances are formed which, according to Quastel and Stephenson, serve as the basis for the synthetic processes of the micro- organisms responsible for the activation. Autor of the post: Undefined The function of oxygen Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 6:11:53 +0000 Thus the essential feature of respiration and of fermenta- tion as viewed in the light of Wielands theory, is an action of the living plasma, or of enzymes produced by the plasma, or of electrical fields functioning on the surface of the cell membrane (on the actual agency opinions still differ), on certain molecules of the medium in which the plasma is suspended. A transfer of hydrogen thereby becomes possible. The function of oxygen has been reduced to that of an ac- ceptor for hydrogen, a function which it shares with a good many other substances, which in the case of anaerobic respiration at least are more suitable than oxygen itself. Autor of the post: Undefined It is conceivably connected Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 5:54:07 +0000 The principle of this more recent conception of respiration and fermentation is an interaction between hydrogen donator and hydrogen acceptor, through what Oppenheimer de- scribes as oxidation-reductions. Why oxygen should be of less value than other acceptors is not yet clearly explained. It is conceivably connected with the inability of anaerobic organisms to produce catalase, an enzyme responsible for the destruction of the peroxide of hydrogen formed as the final product of reaction between activated hydrogen and oxygen. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |