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In order to appreciate Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 5:41:05 +0000 In these and subsequent pages the above conception has been adopted to explain the manifold and apparently uncon- nected data which in the course of time have been collected on the subject of the action of micro-organisms on monoses. This conception is an indispensable part of the only existing working theory which makes it possible to reduce the various known data on bacterial fermentations to something like order, and which makes it feasible to co-ordinate this subject into a comprehensible system a system which already shows signs of being capable of withstanding criticism based on experimental evidence. In order to appreciate the system adopted for the grouping of the various types of bacterial fermentation an outline must be given of the working theory on which it is based. Autor of the post: Undefined They may be identical Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 5:27:47 +0000 It is generally accepted that a monose must be esterified into monosephosphoric esters before it can be decomposed by yeast, or by any other living cell or cell extract, into com- pounds containing chains of less than six carbon atoms. The exact nature of these esters has not yet been clearly defined. They may be identical with the hexosediphosphoric ester first isolated by Harden and Young j or with the hexose- monophosphorio ester of Robison ; u or they may perhaps be represented by specially labile esters which on stabilization yield either hexosediphosphorio or hexosemonophosphorio esters (Kluyver and Struyk ). Autor of the post: Undefined The diversity of the final Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 5:12:46 +0000 Following the formation of these phosphoric esters it is possible to conceive the conversion of monoses into any or all of the known fermentation products on the assumption of the occurrence of progressive oxidation-reduction reactions, activated by the responsible micro-organisms. Instead of a multitude of specific enzymes the working theory adopted in these pages requires the presence of two catalytic agencies only, one responsible for the esterification of a monose into monose phosphoric esters and another activating the hydro- gen transfer from a hydrogen donator to a hydrogen acceptor. The diversity of the final fermentation products is conceived to be the result, of variations in the functions of the activating agency, in the faculty of a specific organism to utilize certain substances as hydrogen acceptor, and conceivably also in the possession by the organism of protective powers against the accumulation of certain substances hydrogen peroxide for instance which in higher concentrations might destroy the cell product of glucose when acted upon by yeast. Autor of the post: Undefined Through these investigations it oame Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 4:53:44 +0000 This view was further developed by Neuberg and Kerb, who assume that glucose when fermented by yeast is first converted into two molecules of methylglyoxal, each of which is further dis- integrated until alcohol and carbon dioxide results. In the course of time numerous attempts have been made to ascer- tain the behaviour of a large number of micro-organisms towards methylglyoxal, sometimes with positive results showing that this substance is decomposable into the normal fermentation products of the test organism, and some- times with negative results. Through these investigations it oame to be widely accepted that methylglyoxal is the first intermediate decomposition product in all those fermenta- tions in which a rupture of the monose chain occurs. Autor of the post: Undefined Methylglyoxal, therefore, cannot Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 4:34:14 +0000 Recently, however, work by Lambie and by Kermaok, Lambie, and Slater on the function of methylglyoxal in insulin hypo- glycaemia has thrown doubt on the soundness of this view. It would appear that methylglyoxal cannot replace glucose in the alleviation of insulin hypoglycaemia, while dihydroxy- a three carbon chain, is even better suited to do so than glucose itself. Methylglyoxal, therefore, cannot be a physio- logical intermediary of glucose, at least not in the form in which it was tested by Lambie. Autor of the post: Undefined This was suspected many years Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 4:17:58 +0000 If a substance is to function as an antidote against insulin hypoglycaemia, it must be affected by insulin in the same way as glucose is affected and for that reason must be either glucose itself or a physiological derivative of glucose. It may be, therefore, that dihydroxyacetone and not methylglyoxal is the first detectable intermediate decom- position product of hexose. This was suspected many years ago by Bertrand and by Boysen-Jensen. Autor of the post: Undefined This is indicated above Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 3:59:42 +0000 However this may be, there is considerable experimental evidence in support of the assumption that on saponification of a monosephosphorio ester by micro-organisms, the liberated hexose is converted into two molecules possessing three carbon chains. The activating properties of the organism attacking the monose are assumed to affect, in the first instance, the hydro- gen atom bound to the fourth carbon atom. This is indicated above by an asterisk placed against this atom. Autor of the post: Undefined The latter becomes hydrolysed, yielding Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 3:41:27 +0000 Through the activation, the third carbon atom becomes capable of func- tioning as a hydrogen acceptor, with the result that the activated hydrogen wanders to this carbon atom. Thereby the six carbon chain is broken up into one glyceraldehyde molecule and one glyceraldehyde phosphoric ester molecule. The latter becomes hydrolysed, yielding one additional mole- cule of glyceraldehyde and one molecule of phosphorio acid, the latter combining with a fresh monose molecule so long as the esterifying agency continues to function. Autor of the post: Undefined From methylglyoxal perhaps it would Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 3:24:04 +0000 Under the influence of the fermenting organism the hydro- gen of the second carbon atom in the glyceraldehyde anhy- dride molecule is activated and transferred to the third. The introduction of a molecule of water gives rise to the formation of methylglyoxal. From methylglyoxal perhaps it would be more correct to have assumed from dihydroxyacetone Kluyver and Donker conceive the formation of all known fermentation products through straightforward oxidation reductions, occurring : (i) within the molecule itself Intramolecular oxida- tion reductions, (ii) between two molecules of intermediate products IntrmolecvJar oxidation reductions ; or (iii) through Condensations, that is, through oxidation reductions resulting in the coupling of the hydrogen donator with the hydrogen acceptor. Autor of the post: Undefined The fermenting properties Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 3:09:36 +0000 To illustrate Kluyver and Donkers conception by a concrete example the behaviour of Bact. coli commune may be chosen. The fermenting properties of this bacterium have frequently been investigated. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |