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However, in the case Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 2:57:14 +0000 It has been established by various in- vestigators that it produces from glucose lactic, formic, and acetic acids as well as ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. All of these substances can be visualized as de- rived from glucose through oxidation reductions with glucose phosphoric esters, glyceraldehyde, and methylglyoxal (or perhaps dihydroxyacetone) as intermediate fermentation products. However, in the case of the fermentation of glucose by Bact. Autor of the post: Undefined A carefully determined list Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 2:39:37 +0000 coli commune there are not sufficiently definite data available on the actual yields of the various fermentation products from which support could he derived for the assumption that the conversion of glucose to the final fermentation products had actually followed the lines suggested above. Nor have all of the fermentation products of this bacterium been definitely established. A carefully determined list of all the fermentation products, other than those synthesised into plasma and plasma content is available, however, for another organism, Ba acetoeihylicus, which Donker studied for this purpose In columns and of Table n a list is given of these fermentation products and of the percentage of each of them obtained from glucose when fermented by Ba acetoethylicus. Autor of the post: Undefined The actual yield therefore Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 2:28:02 +0000 Assuming the fermentation of the glucose to have pro- ceeded in this case via methylglyoxal to acetaldehyde and formic aoid, and the formic acid to have been partly converted into carbon dioxide and hydrogen, and postulating also that the whole of the various fermentation products, as recorded in columns 1 and 2 of Table n, were derived by oxidation reductions from this acetaldehyde and formic acid, it is clear not only that equimolecular quantities of acetaldehyde and formic acid or of hydrogen and carbon dioxide must have been produced from the glucose, but that the sum total of all the fermentation products, when expressed as gramme mole- cules of acetaldehyde and formic acid (carbon dioxide and hydrogen respectively), must have been exactly double that of the number of gramme molecules of glucose fermented. The following equation of the fermentation of glucose by Ba acetoethylicus will illustrate the necessity for this assumption. The actual yield therefore of each of the final fermentation products as recorded in column of Table II must have been a definite fraction of this total number of gramme molecules of acetaldehyde and formic acid (or carbon dioxide and hydro- gen), and their total when expressed as gramme molecules of aoetaldehyde, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide must have been double that of the gramme molecules of glucose fermented. Autor of the post: Undefined These figures were arrived Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 2:13:21 +0000 That this is actually the case is clear from Table. In the last three columns of this table the numbers of gramme molecules of each of the fermentation products obtained from 50 gr molecules of glucose fermented have been entered. These figures were arrived at on the basis of the reasoning given below. Autor of the post: Undefined Both of these quanti- ties Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 2:02:21 +0000 It will be seen from these figures that the total number of gramme molecules of acetaldehyde, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide are very nearly double that of the gramme molecules of glucose fermented by Ba acetoethyhcus. It is to be concluded, therefore, that there must have been molecules of hydrogen for this purpose. Both of these quanti- ties are entered in their respective columns of Table IT, pre- ceded by a sign. Autor of the post: Undefined Similar evidence in support Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 1:47:56 +0000 For the purpose of calculation the yields of the remaining fermentation products have been similarly converted. Together they give the totals recorded in Table n. Similar evidence in support of Kluyver and Donkers theory of fermentation has been obtained by the last-named writer in the case of a number of other glucose-fermenting bacteria. Autor of the post: Undefined But a grouping Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 1:31:29 +0000 It is to be hoped that the scope of this work will be extended to embody all other types of fermentation in order that it may be ascertained to what extent Kluyver and Donkers efforts to co-ordinate and to simplify the conception of bacterial fermentations are justifiable experimentally. The conception that the fermentative activity of micro- organisms is a function of their hydrogen activating properties admits of a sub-division of these activities into aerobic, facultative anaerobic, and obligatory anaerobic fermenta- tions, depending on the faculty of a given organism to utilize oxygen as a hydrogen acceptor. But a grouping of this order would be wholly inadequate to account for the great diversity of ways in which carbohydrates are decomposed by micro- organisms. Autor of the post: Undefined Among the facultative anaerobic micro-organisms Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 1:11:45 +0000 The information available on the fermentation of pentoses has been included in a separate chapter Chapter not because this type of fermentation shows a marked difference from that of hexoses, but because of lack of in- formation on this type of fermentation. A separate chapter has been devoted also to the mucus fermentations in which a synthesis of hexoses to hexosans occurs. Among the facultative anaerobic micro-organisms two main types of fermentations are possible, both of them in- volving a preliminary cleavage of the hexose chain. Autor of the post: Undefined fluorescens liquefaciens, JSact Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 0:55:00 +0000 The first, dealt with in Chapter , does not give rise to lactic acid formation under normal conditions. In this group must be placed such types as Bact. fluorescens liquefaciens, JSact. Autor of the post: Undefined This mode of fermentation must Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 0:39:16 +0000 prodigiosum, JBa ethaceticus and Sa acetoethylicus. The second involves the production of lactic acid in smaller or larger quantities. This mode of fermentation must be divided up into two sub-groups, the first comprising micro- organisms which, in addition to lactic acid, produce a number of other important fermentation products ; the second com- posed of the true lactic acid bacteria which convert the bulk of the glucose into lactic acid. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |