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This can hardly be substantiated Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 0:29:10 +0000 These facultative anaerobic, lactic acid producing types are discussed in detail in Chapters Among the facultative anaerobic micro-organisms with decided preference for anaerobiosis and among the obligatory anaerobes lactic acid production is not an important final fermentation product. It may be produced as an inter- mediate, however, as in the case of the propionic acid bacteriagrouping of the substances dealt with in this chapter as products of one single type of fermentation indicates the existence of an intimate connexion between their various modes of formation by micro-organisms. This can hardly be substantiated experimentally at present, since the observa- tions made on the production of gluconio, saccharic, succinic, fumaric, citric, and oxalic acids by micro-organisms have done Httlj beyond ftfltabKahirig heir actual ocourrence_ajB definite hexose fermentation products. Autor of the post: Undefined One of the most interesting Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 0:15:25 +0000 A relationship be- tween these substances is indicated, nevertheless, by the fact that one and the same type of organism, or group of organ- isms, can produce one or more, or sometimes all of the com- pounds mentioned, being governed in this respect by external conditions such as the reaction of the culture medium and the presence or absence of certain food-substances and powerful hydrogen acceptors. A discussion of the available, somewhat extensive literature will indicate the present position of knowledge on the subject and will show how far the suggested grouping is justifiable. One of the most interesting observations which has been made was that recorded recently by Muller, - a that a press juice can be prepared from the mycelium of species of Aspergillus and Penicillium which, when acting on glucose, converts the carbohydrate into an acid which can be identi- fied as gluoonic acid. Autor of the post: Undefined The conversion of glucose Post Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2008 0:05:11 +0000 The conversion takes place only in the presence of an abundance of oxygen, within a temperature range of to and at a definite hydrogen ion con- noteworthy is Mullers observation that phosphates fail to accelerate the action of the press juice. This can only be interpreted as indicating that the conversion of the glucose to gluconic acid proceeds without the intervention of phos- phoric esters and supports Kluyver and Donkers contention that the glucose molecule as such is dehydrogenated without the preliminary formation of intermediates containing shorter carbon chains. The conversion of glucose to gluconio acid therefore may be visualized as a dehydrogenation of the enolic form of glucose in the presence of a powerful hydrogen acceptor such as oxygen or, according to Hoyer, methylene The formation of gluconic acid by micro-organisms was first observed by Boutroux in 1878, who at the time was under the impression that the acid which he had obtained was lactic acid. Autor of the post: Undefined He came to the conclusion Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 23:48:10 +0000 At Pasteurs suggestion he had undertaken to investigate the behaviour of an organism, closely related to Pasteurs Mycoderma aceti (Bact. Pastwrianum) towards glucose. He came to the conclusion that his organism was identical with Pasteurs lactic acid ferment since it pro- duced a colourless, tasteless, viscous, and non-crystalline acid from glucose. Autor of the post: Undefined Pasteuri- anum was confirmed Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 23:32:03 +0000 Subsequently Boutroux 6 corrected this view and showed that the acid which he had obtained and in 1880 had termed zymogluconic acid was identical with the gluconio acid obtainable from glucose by oxidation with bromine. The formation of gluoomc acid by Bact. Pasteuri- anum was confirmed by Brown in 1886. Autor of the post: Undefined Acids have been observed Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 23:19:00 +0000 Since then several writers, notably Henneberg, have reported on the production of gluconic acid by acetic acid bacteria. From these observa- tions it may be concluded that the direct dehydrogenation of glucose to gluconio acid is a special feature of the activity of the acetic acid bacteria. Acids have been observed to be produced by acetic acid bacteria also from fructose and from various di- and tri- saccharides such as saccharose, maltose, lactose, and raffinose. Autor of the post: Undefined xylinum on saccharose was definitely Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 23:04:01 +0000 The nature of these acids, however, has but rarely been ascertained. In Hoyers experiments the action of Sact. xylinum on saccharose was definitely shown to result in the production of gluconic acid, but Hermanns observations that Bact. Autor of the post: Undefined ascendens, when allowed to act Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 22:48:45 +0000 gluconicwm produces acetic acid from maltose and from fructose leaves it an open question whether the types studied by Henneberg 11 and by Zeidler produced gluconic or acetic acid from carbohydrates other than glucose. It is felt by the writers of these pages that a renewed investigation of the action of acetic acid bacteria on carbohydrates would be of considerable theoretical interest, particularly in view of the observations made by Neuberg and Simon that Bact. ascendens, when allowed to act on glucose under anaerobic conditions, produces ethyl alcohol in considerable quantities. Autor of the post: Undefined According to Hermann Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 22:30:22 +0000 The acetic acid bacteria apparently have at their command, in addition to their direct dehydrogenating powers, other means of attacking hexoses, resembling those of yeasts and certain alcohol producing bacteria. The action of acetic acid bacteria on saccharose is utilized in China for the preparation of a drink known as Kombucha . According to Hermann this drink is prepared by allowing acetic acid bacteria, in the form of a mucous covering, to develop on sweetened tea, thereby converting any saccharose present into gluconic acid. Autor of the post: Undefined The utilization of micro-organisms for Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 22:13:25 +0000 This is the only case known to the writers in which practical use has been made of the acidic pro- perties of gluconic acid. There are many reasons, notably an increased nutritive value over acetic acid, why gluconic acid, as suggested by Herzfeld and Lanart, should be more exten- sively used in the preparation of foods if a cheap and efficient method for its production could be devised. The utilization of micro-organisms for this purpose might be worthy of where the available CHOH group, the only group in the glycerol molecule which, according to Bertrand, can be oxidized (dehydrogenated), has had its H atoms activated. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |