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The sorbose bac- terium was Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 21:58:39 +0000 The production of dihydroxyacetone by micro-organisms was first observed by Bertrand in his study of an organism which he described as the sorbose bacterium but which has since been identified with Bact. xyUnum. The sorbose bac- terium was given its name by Bertrand because it was found to be able to convert sorbitol, present in the juice of mountain ash berries, into the corresponding carbohydrate sorbose. Autor of the post: Undefined To this mixture of food Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 21:43:15 +0000 Virtanen and Barlund 16 have studied the conditions favour- ing the formation of dihydroxyacetone and find that a suit- able hydrogen ion concentration is essential for the conversion. The reaction, according to them, proceeds best at an acidity method has been considerably elaborated by the German chemical industries, who have secured patents protecting the conversion of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone in the presence of food material such as hay infusions and distillery waste extracts. To this mixture of food solutions and glycerol the requisite bacteria are added. Autor of the post: Undefined A reference was made above Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 21:24:29 +0000 xylinum and Bact. ffuboxidans would appear to be particularly suitable for the purpose. A reference was made above to work by Muller on the extraction of an enzyme from species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, which converted glucose into gluconic acid. Autor of the post: Undefined An optimum temperature Falck Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 21:07:09 +0000 quoted that the presence of an abundant supply of oxygen is essential for the smooth conversion of glucose to gluconio acid. It has been established also that the production pro- ceeds best at a reaction approaching neutrality, that is, in the presence of calcium carbonate, and in the absence of excessive amounts of nitrogen. An optimum temperature Falck and Kapur, presumably depending on the particular strain of fungus used. Autor of the post: Undefined claimed to be mmilar Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 20:50:52 +0000 Under the most favourable conditions May and his col- laborators succeeded in converting 80 per cent, of the avail- able glucose into gluconic acid in the course of days, and under such conditions gluconio acid was found to be the only dehydrogenation product formed, at least when Penicittium lutwm purpurogenum was used as the activating organism. Both in the case of fungi and in that of bacteria the action on the carbohydrate may take a different course and various other dehydrogenation products may be formed either in addition to gluconio acid or in its place. claimed to be mmilar to a previously isolated gluoonic aoid producing type. Autor of the post: Undefined Far more difficult Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 20:31:32 +0000 Griiss isolated a species of yeast Amphiernia rubra which carried the dehydrogenation of glucose still farther, producing an acid which was detected also by Challenger, Subramanian and Walker as a dehydrogenation product when glucose was acted upon by Asprgillus niger. There are at present no observations available to indicate the conditions required for the production of these higher oxidation products of glucose, but seeing that their formation does not involve a disruption of the glucose molecule, it may be permitted per- haps to assume that the agency and the conditions governing the production of gluoonio acid may suffice possibly if further intensified to convert glucose to oxygluconic and saccharic acid. Far more difficult is the interpretation of the formation of the various other substances which have been obtained as dehydrogenation products of glucose when acted upon by micro-organisms discussed here, notably by acetic acid bac- teria and various species of Asprgillus and, Penicillium. Autor of the post: Undefined As these six carbon atoms Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 20:21:31 +0000 These substances comprise succinic acid, fumario acid, oxalic acid, and citric acid. The first two of these acids possess a four carbon chain, the oxalic acid a two carbon chain, while citric acid has six carbon atoms in its molecule. As these six carbon atoms do not form a straight chain, it must be assumed that citric acid, like the other acids referred to, has been derived from the glucose molecule after preliminary disruption of the six carbon chain of the carbohydrate. Autor of the post: Undefined It is noticeable also Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 20:10:39 +0000 There is at present nothing to indicate how this disruption can have taken place. Pre- liminary conversion of the glucose into glucosephosphoric esters does not appear to occur, since the addition of phos- phoric acid, according to Bernhauer and Wolf, 30 does not increase the rate of production of citric acid any more than other acids capable of establishing a suitable hydrogen ion concentration. It is noticeable also that Bernhauer and Schon, 31 who detected the presence of acetaldehyde in saccharose-containing cultures of Asprgillus niger, emphasize that acetaldehyde is in no way connected with the production of citric acid by this fungus. Autor of the post: Undefined This, however, is equally unfounded Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 20:00:31 +0000 Raistriok and darks suggestion that the glucose molecule is first split into a two and a four carbon molecule, and that the production of citric acid results from the union of one molecule of acetic acid derived from the two carbon mole- cule and one molecule of oxalacetio acid resulting from the four carbon molecule is purely speculative, and is based solely on the observation of these workers that Asprgillus niger, which produces citric acid, develops well on four carbon dibasic acids such as suooinic and fumario which, as already mentioned, are produced from glucose by this and other fungi. The only other proposal which has been advanced to throw light on the theoretical aspect of the conversion of glucose into organic acids is that of Bernhauer, 34 who suggests that the formation of citric acid and perhaps also of the other acids involved is preceded by the disruption of the six carbon chains into two three-carbon chains. This, however, is equally unfounded experimentally. Autor of the post: Undefined Mogfcjgritgrathejubject agree that gluoonic acid Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 19:47:02 +0000 As indications of the changes taking place, there remain the empirically established facts that one and the same type of fungus or two systemati- cally closely related fungi can produce from glucose and from certain other hexoses, gluponio acid, sucoinio acid, fumaric acid, citric acid, and oxalic aoidjjtooording to the conditions prevailing during the action of the organisms on the carbo- hydrate. It is not to be understood that any one of these acids can be normally produced to the complete exclusion of all the others. Mogfcjgritgrathejubject agree that gluoonic acid is produced first and under aUjxmditions, and that this acid is present therefore at one stageor anotEer of the conversion of glucose by fungi. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |