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Where an excess of hydrogen Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 7:20:22 +0000 coli commune when once formic acid has been activated to function as hydrogen donator. Grey, who realized the connexion between production of formic acid and the evolution of carbon dioxide and hydrogen, pointed to the close relationship of these reactions with the formation of ethyl alcohol, and suggested that the rate at which ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, and succinic acid are pro- duced depends upon the availability of hydrogen liberated by the breakdown of formic acid. Where an excess of hydrogen was available Grey observed an increase in alcohol production from the acetaldehyde which Neuberg and Nbrd detected as an intermediate fermentation product of Bact. Autor of the post: Undefined This observation that formates break Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 7:05:21 +0000 coli commune, while a scarcity of active hydrogen resulted in an increased production of succmic acid. To obtain activated hydrogen Grey added formates to a glucose containing culture of Bact coli commune. This observation that formates break down with the libera- tion of nascent hydrogen under the influence of micro-organ- isms is of very great importance, and, as Grey himself suggests, should have an important bearing on the study of other fermentation processes in which the production of activated hydrogen is aimed at. Autor of the post: Undefined coli commune and presumably Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 6:48:02 +0000 Greys experiments lead him to con- clude that the formation of lactic acid is independent of the other reactions performed by Bact coli commune. It is clear from the work of Grey, as well as from that of Stephenson and Whetham, 8 that the formation of lactic acid by Bact. coli commune and presumably by all other micro- organisms producing this acid is intimately connected with the growth of the cells. Autor of the post: Undefined The limitation of lactic acid Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 6:35:51 +0000 Grey found that practically no lactic acid was formed by Bact coli commune during the period characterized by rapid death of the cells the latter part of the fermentation while 70 per cent, of the hexoses con- sumed were converted into lactic acid during the period following immediately upon the rapid multiplication of the cells the early part of fermentation. The period of destruction of the cells was characterized by the transformation of hexoses into alcohol, acetic acid, formic acid, and suocinic acid. The limitation of lactic acid production -to the period of growth of the cells justifies Stephenson and Whethams assumption that its formation is intimately connected with the liberation of the energy required for the synthetic activi- ties of the cells. Autor of the post: Undefined Neuberg, Aubel, and de Graaf Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 6:24:34 +0000 The question of the precursors of lactic acid has engaged the attention of Neuberg and his pupils, 9 of Aubel, and of several other writers. That the precursor is likely to be Dakin and Dudley 11 have since proved that lactic acid is produced by animal cells and tissues from this intermediate. Neuberg, Aubel, and de Graaf and le Fvre 12 found that Bact. Autor of the post: Undefined As mother substance of methylglyoxal Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 6:08:30 +0000 coli commune decomposed methylglyoxal, and, according to Neuberg and Gorr, 9 with a theoretical yield of lactic acid. Aubel accepts methylglyoxal as the precursor of lactic acid. As mother substance of methylglyoxal, Kluyver and Donker 13 suggest glyceraldehyde, CH 2 OH. Autor of the post: Undefined ormal fermentation product of Bact Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 5:52:49 +0000 CHO, which de Graaf and le Fvre found readily decomposed by Bact. coli com- mune and its related types, though not with the production of methylglyoxal or lactic acid, but with formation of carbon dioxide, acetic acid, and traces of ethyl alcohol. ormal fermentation product of Bact . Autor of the post: Undefined coli commune, though de Graaf Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 5:36:12 +0000 typhosum, Bact. paraty- phosum or Bact. coli commune, though de Graaf and le Fe"vre report the presence of traces of the former in cultures of in the synthetic processes of this and other carbohydrate decomposing micro-organisms. Autor of the post: Undefined coli commune unable to decompose Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 5:24:45 +0000 Kluyver and Donker consider that the pyruvio acid is derived from methylglyoxal, and this in turn from glyceraldehyde. Aubel 4 does not agree that methylglyoxal can be the precursor of pyruvic acid, since he found Bact. coli commune unable to decompose methylglyoxal. Autor of the post: Undefined That such strains exist Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 5:09:07 +0000 He must have been unaware of de Graaf and le Fdvres observations, however, that certain strains of Bact. coli commune do so, and must have been studying types of the organism incapable of activating methylglyoxal to function as hydrogen donator. That such strains exist is emphasized by de Graaf and le Fevre. 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