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18 Virtanen 19 regards it Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 4:52:14 +0000 The reactions giving rise to the formation of succinic acid are not yet clear. Its formation from glutamic acid by yeast was reported by Ehrlioh ; 17 from ketoglutamic acid by Neuberg and Ringer. 18 Virtanen 19 regards it as the product of a side reaction of carbohydrate decomposition, during which no phosphoric esters are formed that is presumably a production similar to that occurring among the species of Asprgillus and Mucor discussed in This scheme differs somewhat from that suggested by Neu- berg and Nord, 20 who assume that the pyruvic acid is converted into acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide, and the aoetaldehyde to ethyl alcohol and acetic acid by a Cannizzaro reaction. Autor of the post: Undefined It should not be concluded Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 4:37:36 +0000 In the scheme advanced by these workers, the molecular hydrogen is thought to have been derived from the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid. In the mode of fermentation outlined above lactic acid is regarded as a final fermentation product. It should not be concluded, however, that this acid cannot be further de- composed by the organism. Autor of the post: Undefined The fermentation of hexoses Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 4:24:49 +0000 Both Quastel and Aubel have shown that lactic acid can enter the fermentation when suitable hydrogen acceptors for instance nitrates are available. It is then utilized for the production of pyruvio acid. The fermentation of hexoses by Bact. Autor of the post: Undefined But since Bact Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 4:10:24 +0000 typkosum would follow lines similar to those of Bact. coli commune. But since Bact. Autor of the post: Undefined paratyphomm and by its numerous Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 3:52:41 +0000 typhosum does not possess activating powers towards formic acid, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are not evolved by this organism. The fermentation of hexoses by Bact. paratyphomm and by its numerous related types occurring in the soil, on plants and in water, follows a middle course between those of the two previous types, formic acid being activated in some cases, with a resulting evolution of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Autor of the post: Undefined This action is stated Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 3:34:51 +0000 Parallel with its analytic functions, or perhaps preceding them, Grey thought he observed a marked synthetic activity in Bact. coli commune. This action is stated to be particularly noticeable during the early stages of the fermentation of glucose and is claimed to result in the production of starch. Autor of the post: Undefined lactis aerogenes differs markedly Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 3:24:43 +0000 Further work would appear to be desirable before the observa- tions of Grey can be accepted as correct. The fermentation of hexoses by Bact. lactis aerogenes differs markedly in certain respects from that by the Bact. Autor of the post: Undefined Harden and Walpole, who subjected Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 3:12:20 +0000 typhosum- Bact. coli group, though in this case also the formation of lactic acid is an important stage in the reaction. Harden and Walpole, who subjected the fermentative activity of Bact. Autor of the post: Undefined coli commune Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 2:54:52 +0000 lactis aerogenes to exhaustive investigation, state that ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, succinic acid, formic acid, carbon dioxide and lactic acid are produced. The evolution of gas was found to be greater than in the case of Bact. coli commune. Autor of the post: Undefined In this connexion it Post Date: Wed, 30 Jul 2008 2:38:54 +0000 The proportion of carbon dioxide in the mixture was consider- ably greater than that of hydrogen in Harden and Walpoles experiments, indicating, they suggest, that the former is derived from a source additional to formic acid. It has still to be shown, however, that the excess of carbon dioxide over hydrogen cannot have been due to a consumption of part of the hydrogen derived from formic acid in inter- mediate reactions. In this connexion it is perhaps worth recording that the presence of methane 7 per cent, of the gas mixture of Bact. 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