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Again, other types were stated Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 21:45:00 +0000 In the early investigations fermentation lactic acid was generally assumed to be inactive (Lewkowitsch ). Reports did not fail to appear, however, containing de- scriptions of lactic acid bacteria producing either dextro-aoid only (Nencki and Sieber; Gunther and Thierfelder ), or laevo-lactic acid only (Tate and Leiohmann ). Again, other types were stated to produce a non-compensated mixture of dextro- and laevo-aoids (Bertrand and Weissweiller and Harden ), the proportions of the two acids depending in many cases (Pere ) on the conditions of the growth of the test organisms, notably on the presence in the cultures of a suitable source of nitrogen, or on the temperature prevailing (Kozai). Autor of the post: Undefined By these purifications, however Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 21:33:32 +0000 A comprehensive review of the investigations on this subject up to 1907 is given by Heinemann. Some order was brought into the general confusion by MoKenzie, who showed that the reason for the divergent views could be ascribed to the methods adopted for the analysis of the acids obtained, it being customary to examine the zinc salts of the lactic aoid formed, usually after one or more recrystalliza- fcions to ensure purity. By these purifications, however, the -feme proportions of the lactic acid formed became entirely obscured owing to differences in solubility of the zinc salts, -that of the inactive (racemic) lactic acid being less soluble fchan that of the two active components. Autor of the post: Undefined coli commune and Sact Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 21:16:55 +0000 McKenzie expressed -fche view that all fermentation lactic acid consists of an equal mixture of dextro- and laevo-acid. In this view McKenzie is supported by Hardens observa- tion on the optical nature of the lactic acid formed by Bad. coli commune and Sact. Autor of the post: Undefined Nevertheless, the question Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 21:04:46 +0000 typhosum. Fully aware of the com- plications due to differences in the solubilities of the zinc salts of the inactive and the active acids, Harden conducted his investigation in such, a way as to avoid these difficulties, and found that the lactic acid produced by his two test organisms consisted of a mixture of inactive acid and laevo- laotio acid. Nevertheless, the question of the optical properties of fermentation lactic acid is still obscure. Autor of the post: Undefined The very considerable and growing Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 20:51:29 +0000 In investigations by Neuberg and Gorr on the action of Sact. coli commune on methylglyoxal it is claimed that inactive acid is produced, and as late as 1926 Pederson, Peterson and Fred asserted that the optical nature of the acid produced by a lactic acid bacterium studied by them was influenced by the presence in the culture of an infection form unable to produce lactic acid. The very considerable and growing economic importance of the lactic acid bacteria necessitates a short reference to this subject. Autor of the post: Undefined There remains to be reviewed Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 20:36:56 +0000 The question of the application of these bacteria in the distillery for the checking of undesirable bacterial infections, of their introduction into milk for the preparation of various types of sour milk and all types of cheese, is most conveniently dealt with in an account specially devoted to these subjects and will not be referred to here. The occurrence and activity of the lactic acid bacteria in flour and doughs will be discussed subsequently. There remains to be reviewed, therefore, the manufacture of lactic acid for medicinal and technical purposes. Autor of the post: Undefined Gobley, like Boutron Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 20:21:08 +0000 The first, and at that time universally adopted method, was described by Boutron and Freiny, who worked under the conception that casein was the agency responsible for the conversion of lactose into lactic acid. Subsequently von Blticher observed that saccharose could be similarly converted in the presence of casein, and recommended this method as superior to that of Boutron and Fremy. Gobley, like Boutron and Fremy, added lactose to millr to increase the carbohydrate con- centration, but allowed the conversion to proceed spon- taneously in the presence of chalk. Autor of the post: Undefined The improvement obtained Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 20:03:03 +0000 Bensch, like von Bliicher, utilized saccharose as the source of carbohydrate, and added cheese as a source of casein. In order, as he thought, to facilitate the inversion of the saccharose, he added small amounts of tartaric acid to his saccharose solution. The improvement obtained by the introduction of this acid must have been due to other causes, however probably to the checking of the development of wild yeast and butyric acid bacteria, two sources of infection which invariably affected the yields of acid obtained in the early methods of lactic acid production. Autor of the post: Undefined A very detailed account Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 19:51:30 +0000 With the realization of the function of bacteria consider- able further improvements were introduced. One of the pioneers in the manufacture of lactic acid was Avery, who took out a number of patents during 1881 to 1885 for the protection of his method, in which the danger of undesirable side-reactions, notably of butyric acid and alcoholic fermenta- tions, was guarded against though by no means excluded. A very detailed account of this method was given by Claflin 36 in 1897, an account which appears to have served as a model for the industry until quite recently, when genuine pure culture work was introduced. Autor of the post: Undefined The difficul- ties involved Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 19:36:07 +0000 Averys method, as improved by Claflin, conforms on the whole with the requirements of modern technique and may serve as a basis for the description of lactic acid manufacture to be given in these pages. Though most lactic acid bacteria develop well in milk and whey it is doubtful whether these liquids now serve as the raw materials for the Deduction of lactic acid. The difficul- ties involved in the recovery of the acid from milk and whey militates against their use in practice. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |