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The total nitrogen Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 19:23:48 +0000 The carbohydrates commonly used are saccharose, in the form of molasses, glucose, and maltose, obtained by the hydrolysis of starch. The necessary nitrogen, which for preference should be present as organic nitrogen (Kayser), is obtained from bran or from the grain in which the starch is contained. The total nitrogen of the finished mash should amount to 2 per cent, of the available carbohydrates though obviously it must be lower in the case of the procedure proposed by von Sait- cew, who utilizes molasses without the addition of a nitrogen source. Autor of the post: Undefined If the mash is left Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 19:10:53 +0000 The concentration of carbohydrates in the mash should not be below per cent., preferably about 10 per cent. If the mash is left slightly acid, at a pH value of about , its sterilization can be carried out without the application of high pressures, an important point, since pressure treatment is inclined to caramelize the dissolved carbohydrates. Autor of the post: Undefined In earlier days Streptococcus (Bacterium) Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 18:58:19 +0000 In many cases boiling at atmospheric pressure should be sufficient to ensure complete sterility under acid conditions. precautions, and is then run into a fermentation vat, where it is inoculated with a suitable type of true lactic acid bacteria. In earlier days Streptococcus (Bacterium) lactis acidi, Gunther and Thiefelder, was generally used. Autor of the post: Undefined The mash is now filtered Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 18:39:18 +0000 To-day a type of Bact. When, after 3 to 6 days, the conversion of the carbohy- drates is" completed, the lactic acid obtained should amount to 98 per cent, of the theoretical yield. The mash is now filtered and immediately concentrated so as to supply, on decomposition of the calcium lactate with sulphuric acid, an acid containing 50 per cent, lactic acid. Autor of the post: Undefined The crude lactic acid may Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 18:24:45 +0000 The use of zinc oxide or magnesium oxide instead of lime or chalk has been recommended by some workers. According to Mayer, however, these oxides are less favourable than calcium salts. The crude lactic acid may be purified in various ways, but can be used in most industrial undertakings without further preparation. Autor of the post: Undefined The technical production of mannitol Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 18:07:28 +0000 It finds a growing market in the textile indus- tries, notably in the woollen industries, for mordanting with potassium dichromate. In the leather industry an appreciable quantity is consumed in the deliming of the raw hides before tanning. The technical production of mannitol was discussed by Strecker in 1854. Autor of the post: Undefined Dox and Plaisance recom- Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 17:49:43 +0000 He obtained it in exceptionally large yields up to 10 per cent, of the saccharose taken when fermenting a saccharose solution at room temperature under the conditions recommended by Bensch for the production of lactic acid. Draggendorf obtained 5 per cent, under somewhat similar conditions. Dox and Plaisance recom- mended isolating mannitol from silage, in which they regularly found it present. Autor of the post: Undefined It is questionable whether any Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 17:38:07 +0000 The production of mannitol in appreciable quantities at comparatively low temperatures agrees with the observations that the mannitol producing lactic acid bacteria have a lower optimum temperature for growth than the true lactic acid bacteria. Before leaving the subject of lactic acid a reference must be made to the many attempts which have been made to intro- duce systems of classification for the numerous types which have been described at various times. It is questionable whether any of these systems, including those of Beijerinck, Lohnis, Jensen, 4and van Steenberge, will be found of permanent value. Autor of the post: Undefined This was observed by Eijkman Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 17:23:44 +0000 The safest subdivision of the lactic acid bacteria remains at present the division based partly on their morphological characters and partly on their mode of action on fructose, whether they are capable of producing mannitol or not. Finally, it should be mentioned that the property of fer- menting carbohydrates with, the formation of small quantities of lactic aoid is also met with among certain fungi. This was observed by Eijkman in the case of Mucor Eouxii and con- firmed for this fungus by Chrzaszcz and by Saito for Mucar chinensis. Autor of the post: Undefined 3 They obtained them Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 17:12:16 +0000 SiRHOKHRs 1 observations in 1854 on the formation of pro- pionic acid from calcium lactate by fermentation and the still earlier work referred to by him were reinvestigated and confirmed in 1879 to 1880 by Fitz, 2 who found that a solution of calcium lactate inoculated with bacteria contained in cows dung broke down under the influence of these bacteria to a mixture of calcium propionate and calcium acetate. The first pure cultures of propionic acid bacteria were isolated and described by von Freudenreich and Jensen. 3 They obtained them from Emmenthaler cheese, in which these micro-organisms were shown to be responsible for the formation of holes during the ripening process of the cheeses. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |