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Postu- lating the production Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 11:46:47 +0000 This identity was considered to indicate a common origin. As such Buchner and Meisenheimer suggested lactic acid, which Sohade 6 had previously contemplated as a possible mother substance of acetaldehyde and formic acid. Postu- lating the production of acetaldehyde from lactic acid, Buchner and Meisenheimer explained the formation of butyric acid by assuming that aoetaldehyde was first condensed to aldol, butyric acid. Autor of the post: Undefined That acetaldehyde occurs Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 11:32:49 +0000 The n-butyl alcohol was thought to have The ethyl alcohol was considered to have been formed from acetaldehyde on the lines known from the action of yeast on glucose. The origin of the acetic acid was not discussed by Buchner and Meisenheimer. That acetaldehyde occurs as an intermediate fermentation product in the butyric acid fermentation was first demon- strated by Neuberg and Arinstein, 6 who fixed appreciable quantities of this substance in fermenting cultures of Sa butylicus, Mtz. Autor of the post: Undefined butylicus Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 11:21:31 +0000 Though these writers emphasize that the fixing of acetaldehyde by means of sodium sulphite results in the disappearance of butyric acid and of butyl alcohol from the final fermentation products, they decline to accept aoet- Eildehyde as an intermediate of butyric acid. Instead they which they found could be decomposed to butyric acid by BOA. butylicus. Autor of the post: Undefined Important observations were made Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 11:05:54 +0000 This conception, as pointed out by Donker, when added to a culture of Ba butylicus, does not become converted into butyric acid, but is transformed into acetic and formic acids. Neuberg and Arinstein had already ob- served this to be the case. Important observations were made on the reactions taking place in the fermentation of glucose by butyric acid bacteria during the investigations carried out between 1917 and 1919 in the laboratory of one of the writers, and subsequently published by Beilly and collaborators 8 and by Thaysen. Autor of the post: Undefined The neutral products comprised butyl Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 10:53:20 +0000 9 These investigations showed that the fermentation of glucose by butyric acid bacteria can be divided into two well-defined stages an early one, during which acids are produced and carbon dioxide and hydrogen evolved, and a later one, during which most of the acids are converted into neutral products. The acids formed were found to consist essentially of acetic and butyric acids in varying proportions, with smaller amounts of formic and of lactic acids. The neutral products comprised butyl alcohol, acetone, and ethyl alcohol. Autor of the post: Undefined These observations indicated Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 10:33:58 +0000 By the addition of an excess of calcium carbonate to a fermenting culture of the test organism, or by the adjustment of the reaction of the culture medium nearer to the alkaline side of the neutral point, the fermentation could be influenced in such a way that almost the whole of the available carbo- hydrates was converted into acids,- carbon dioxide, and hydrogen, the usual neutral fermentation products being practically eliminated. Similar observations were made by Speakman. These observations indicated that any attempt made to elucidate the intermediate stages of the butyric acid fermenta- tion had to concentrate in the first instance on the reactions leading to the formation of acids. Autor of the post: Undefined Other publications have not Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 10:18:27 +0000 Unfortunately Reilly and his collaborators did not pursue their investigations in this direction beyond ascertaining that the two volatile acids formed were produced in the proportions of molecule of publication on this subject added nothing of interest to the solution of the problem. He suggested that the acids originate direct from the carbohydrate, being formed in equimolecular proportions with simultaneous liberation of oxygen. Other publications have not. Autor of the post: Undefined The experimental data of Neuberg Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 10:01:05 +0000 appeared. There is, therefore, at present no direct evidence to show- how hexoses are broken down into acetic acid and butyric acid by butyric acid bacteria. The experimental data of Neuberg and Arinstein on the intermediate formation of acetaldehyde and those of Donker on the occurrence of formic acid and aoetylmethyloarbinol among the fermenta- tion products support the hypothesis, however, that the fermentation proceeds via methylglyoxal or perhaps di- hydroxyacetone to acetaldehyde and formic acid. Autor of the post: Undefined The bearing of similar observations Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 9:46:58 +0000 The formic acid would be the mother substance of carbon dioxide and hydrogen evolved, and the acetaldehyde that of butyric acid through aldol condensation and reduction, of the quantitative analysis of the fermentation products of a typical butyric acid producing bacterium, Ba Pastwrianus (Clostridium Pasteurianum), which was investigated by Donker. Table V shows that the fermentation products of Ba Pasteurianus, when expressed as their equivalent quantities of acetaldehyde, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide, were equal in each case to double the number of gramme molecules of carbohydrates converted. The bearing of similar observations in the case of Ba acetoethylicus on the inter- The second stage in the fermentation of carbohydrates by butyric acid bacteria, when the acids formed are con- verted into neutral compounds, varies very greatly with the species. Autor of the post: Undefined ing agent such as calcium carbonate Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 9:28:17 +0000 In some cases the active hydrogen resulting from the break-up of formic acid takes very little part in the subsequent reactions and is given off almost entirely as mole- cular hydrogen. Here the fermentation invariably comes to a standstill before the whole of the available carbohydrates has been consumed, unless precautions are taken to prevent an accumulation of free acids by the addition of a neutrn.ing agent such as calcium carbonate. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |