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The reactions involved Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 9:16:17 +0000 Typical representatives of The strains which activate butyric and acetic acids to function as hydrogen acceptors usually convert the whole of the available hexoses and produce appreciable quantities of neutral fermentation products, notably n-butyl alcohol, acetone and ethyl alcohol. The most characteristic repre- sentative of this group is the type introduced by Weizmann for industrial purposes and described variously in the literature to as Ba acetonigenus. The reactions involved in the production of neutral fer- mentation products by the strains activating acetic and butyric acids have engaged the attention of several workers since the industrial processes for the manufacture of n-butyl alcohol and acetone by fermentation were introduced. Autor of the post: Undefined It is now generally accepted Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 8:58:47 +0000 That a connexion existed between the disappearance of n-butyric acid and the formation of n-butyl alcohol was clear from the investigation of Reilly and collaborators, but with the ex- ception of some little known observations by Hall and Ran- dall on the behaviour of Ba Welchii, it appears to have escaped the notice of investigators studying the behaviour of pathogenic types. It was shown by Reilly that butyric acid added to a fer- menting culture of the test organism became converted into n-butyl alcohol through the action of available active hydro- gen. It is now generally accepted as correct that n-butyl alcohol is derived from the corresponding acid through hydrogenation. Autor of the post: Undefined Desborough found that an addition Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 8:44:08 +0000 The figures for hydrogen evolution among various types of butyric acid bacteria which have been sup- plied by Donker confirm that a hydrogenation of butyric acid takes place during the period of the formation of n-butyl alcohol. The interpretation of the origin of acetone has been debated at great length, but can now be regarded as settled in favour of the view, first advanced by Desborough, that it is formed from acetic acid. Desborough found that an addition of acetic acid to a fer- menting culture of Ba acetonigenus resulted in an increase of acetone, amounting to 80 per cent, of wnat might be classification of these types. Autor of the post: Undefined Obligatory aerobic bacteria no doubt Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 8:28:39 +0000 The former may be termed the true butyric aoid bacteria, the latter the butyl alcohol bacteria. In both cases the fermentation proceeds best under anaerobic conditions, though some species, for instance Ba butyticus, ITitz, are able to develop also in the presence of oxygen. Obligatory aerobic bacteria no doubt exist which produce small quantities of butyric acid in the presence of oxygen. Autor of the post: Undefined Another type, Ba mesntericus Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 8:15:08 +0000 Sohattenfroh and Grassberger make reference to them in one of their well-known publications. One of the best known of these types is probably Ba butylicua, Hiippe, which is stated by Lehmann and Neumann to be related to Ba Megaihrium and Ba mesentericus. Another type, Ba mesntericus rtibr, is stated by Dupont to produce not only butyric acid and acetic aoid in small quantities, but also traces of valeric acid. Autor of the post: Undefined Though the activity of these Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 7:58:56 +0000 A special reference must be made also to those butyric acid bacteria, first isolated by Omelianski, which ferment cellulose. A detailed account of these types, notably of Ba methanigenes and Ba fossicularum, was given in the mono- graph of Thaysen and Bunker on the microbiology of cellu- lose and allied substances. Though the activity of these types is restricted to cellulose, glucose probably occurs at one stage or another in the reaction. Autor of the post: Undefined In the following rdswnA Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 7:44:32 +0000 In other respects the inter- mediate stages of the fermentation remain entirely unex- plored. Both groups of starch and hexose fermenting anaerobic butyric acid bacteria have acquired considerable industrial importance and are used for the production of butyric acid, n-butyl alcohol and acetone. In the following rdswnA an account will be given of the processes by which butyric acid and n-butyl alcohol may be obtained by fermentation. Autor of the post: Undefined That this fermentation was due Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 7:26:52 +0000 It was mentioned above that Pelouze and Gelis 1 had found the mixture recommended by Boutron and Frny for the preparation of lactic acid to undergo a further decom position when kept under suitable conditions. Pelouze and Gelis found that this secondary fermentation took place with the evolution of considerable quantities of hydrogen and with the formation of butyric acid, derived not from the hexose but from the lactic acid to which the hexoses present had been converted in the first instance. That this fermentation was due to the activity of micro- organisms was first demonstrated by Pasteur. Autor of the post: Undefined The wide distribution in soil Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 7:16:52 +0000 Stricht was able to show that butyric acid can be produced direct from a carbohydrate. Later other investigators, among them Fitz, 84 confirmed this, and showed that butyric acid can be produced also from glyoerol. The wide distribution in soil, milk, water, faecal matter and wounds, of bacteria producing butyric acid under anaerobic conditions was abundantly proved by subsequent investigators. Autor of the post: Undefined The best known are perhaps Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 7:04:44 +0000 Efforts at grouping and describing the numerous types proceeded actively with the isolation of new strains and are still proceeding. Various schemes have been suggested for this classification. The best known are perhaps those of Grassberger and Schattenfroh and of Brede- mann. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |