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In support of the view Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 1:44:02 +0000 As regards the actual stages in the fermentation, it is to be assumed that the pentose molecule undergoes esterification with phosphoric acid prior to fermentation. On this subject, however, there does not at present appear to exist any in- formation. In support of the view that intermediate products of molecules with three carbon chains are formed, there is important circumstantial evidence to be found in the fact that, as already mentioned, the final fermentation products of pentoses are frequently identical with those of hexoses, and that they are produced in almost equal proportions from both. Autor of the post: Undefined This being the case it Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 1:24:03 +0000 This quantitative similarity precludes the possibility that the pentose molecule is converted during fermentation into two intermediate molecules, one containing a chain of three carbons and the other a chain of two carbons. As in the case of the hexoses the preliminary formation of but one intermediate with a molecule possessing chains of three carbon atoms appears to be the only conception fitting the facts so far established. This being the case it becomes necessary to assume that the pentose molecule undergoes condensation to a polysacoharide prior to fermentation, a polysaccharide containing a multiple of six carbon groups. Autor of the post: Undefined At a comparatively early date Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 1:07:07 +0000 Support for this interpretation of the early stages of pentose fermentation may be found in the synthetic activities of micro-organisms, to which reference will be made in Chap- ter XIV. The property of fermenting pentoses is probably met with among micro-organisms to a far greater extent than was at one time anticipated, but the question has not yet received the attention it deserves. At a comparatively early date it was established by Stone and Tollens that yeasts are unable to ferment pentoses with the production of ethyl alcohol. Autor of the post: Undefined Many other lower and higher Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 0:52:33 +0000 That these organisms, nevertheless, can utilize pentoses as a source of energy was shown by Bokorny, 8 who obtained reasonably good growth of yeast in culture media containing xylose or arabinose as the sole source of carbohydrate. Ac- cording to Abbott traces of carbon dioxide, alcohol, and non- volatile acids are formed by yeast from pentoses. Many other lower and higher fungi are no doubt capable of fer- menting pentoses, but experimental evidence is meagre in the extreme. Autor of the post: Undefined Peterson, Ered and Schmidt Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 0:40:25 +0000 Czapek tested Aspergillus niger for its rate of development on various carbohydrates and obtained good growth of the fungus on xylose and on arabinose, observations which Ekman u confirmed. White and Willaman reported the production of ethyl alcohol as the result of the action of Fuaarium lini on xylose. Peterson, Ered and Schmidt extended these observations to other types of fungi, notably to Asprgillus, Penicillium, and Mucor species, and found that on the whole Asprgillus and Penicillium species fermented pentoses xylose and arabinose more readily than Mucor species. Autor of the post: Undefined No production of alcohol Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 0:26:12 +0000 The most rapidly acting types decomposed the available pentoses completely in 4 to 5 days, xylose being the more readily decomposed pentose. The fermentation products were represented almost solely by carbon dioxide and mycelial tissue. No production of alcohol or of volatile acids could be. Autor of the post: Undefined Whether actmomycetes ferment pentoses Post Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2008 0:08:51 +0000 detected and but a very slight trace of non- volatile acids was found. Nevertheless Amelung, who examined the action of Asper- giUus niger on xylose and arabinose, reported the formation of citric acid from these carbohydrates by the fungus. Whether actmomycetes ferment pentoses or not has not yet been definitely ascertained. Autor of the post: Undefined The pentose fermenting properties Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 23:51:14 +0000 The frequent occurrence of these micro-organisms in manure and compost heaps, where active fermentation of pentoses and of pentosans takes place, makes it almost certain that many actinomyoetes are capable of utilizing pentoBes as a source of carbohydrates. This is borne out also by unpublished observations by the writers on the development of aotinomycetes in xylose containing food solutions. The pentose fermenting properties of bacteria have been studied in considerably greater detail than those of the other groups of micro-organisms referred to above. Autor of the post: Undefined paratyphosum, a destruction of pentoses Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 23:33:05 +0000 It is known that pentoses can be utilized by bacteria belonging to most of the chief groups of hexose fermenting types, and that this property is of particular economic importance among the lactic acid bacteria (Kayser; Gayon and Dubourg; Fred, Peterson and Anderson; Stiles, Peterson and Fred), and among the many insufficiently described types which are responsible for the destruction of hemicelluloses in the intestine and for the early stages of humus formation in soil and peat bogs In the groups of Bact. typhosum Bact. paratyphosum, a destruction of pentoses has been recommended by Stern 19 as a means for differentiating closely related species. Autor of the post: Undefined paratyphosum A attacked arabinose Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 23:21:41 +0000 Stern found that xylose, but not arabinose, was fermented by Bact. typhosum, while Bact. paratyphosum A attacked arabinose and Bact. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |