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The importance of pentoses Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 23:10:05 +0000 paratyphosum B both xylose and arabinose. The investigations of Peterson and Fred have shown that pen- tose fermenting lactic acid bacteria actively participate in the silage fermentation, and the microscopic investigations of Henneberg 21 on the destruction of plant tissues by the in- testinal flora of man and of herbivorous animals have demon- strated that bacteria are partly responsible for the elimination of the pentosans of plant tissues entering the intestinal tract. The importance of pentoses and their corresponding poly- saccharides in the naturally occurring denitrification processes has been studied by Stoklasa and by Rege, 18 who suggest that pentoses take part in the production of natural humus, a view which has been confirmed recently by Thaysen and The important manure heap inhabitant Ba mesentericus ruber is reported by Ered, Peterson and Carroll to be capable of fermenting xylose -with production of ethyl alcohol and acetone. Autor of the post: Undefined The results of this analysis Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 22:53:04 +0000 A particularly interesting field of economic application of pentose-fermenting bacteria is that opened by Northrop and collaborators 4 with their investigations on a bacterium isolated by them and described under the name of Bac, acetoethylicus. The fermenting of glucose by this organism was studied in detail by Donker. The results of this analysis were quoted in Table IE on page . Autor of the post: Undefined It is not surprising Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 22:35:28 +0000 According to Northrop and col- laborators, the yields of acetone and alcohol obtained from pentoses are somewhat lower than those recorded by Donker from glucose, but too much importance should not be attached to these differences, since the fermentation of carbohydrates by Ba acetoethylicus is dependent to an unusual extent on the cultural conditions prevailing. In Northrop, Ashe and Seniors 4 experiments the following yields of ethyl alcohol and acetone were obtained from the carbohydrates men- tioned. It is not surprising that these very considerable yields of acetone and ethyl alcohol should have drawn the attention of investigators, including Northrop, to the possibility of utilizing the action of Ba acetoethylicus on pentoses for the industrial production of power alcohol. Autor of the post: Undefined The first attempts at developing Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 22:17:31 +0000 Numerous analyses have shown that pentoses, notably xylose, occur in the form of polysaccharides in various vegetable waste products in cacao shells (Churchman ), in oat husks (Fred, Peterson and Anderson ), in Nile sudd Cyprua papyrus (Joseph and Martin ) and in many other similar materials, of which an extensive list was given by Thaysen and Galloway. 29 With a pentose content of 20 per cent, in such materials, a figure etJiylicua should be capable of producing as much as 90 litres of power alcohol per 1,000 kg of waste, a yield which would be of the order of that obtained from potatoes, utilized extensively in some countries for the production of power alcohol. The first attempts at developing a process for power alcohol production in which waste vegetable matter was fermented by Ba acetoetJvylicus were recorded by Northrop, Ashe and Morgan ; Peterson, Ered and Verhulst ; Fred, Peterson and Anderson ; and Juritz, but none of the methods evolved extended beyond a laboratory scale. Autor of the post: Undefined In the investigations by previous Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 22:02:13 +0000 Subsequently Thaysen and Galloway undertook a renewed investigation of the problem, and extended their work to include production in a small technical plant. One of their greatest difficulties was to devise a method by which the pentosans, present in the vegetable debris, could be converted into pentoses, a necessary step in the procedure, since Ba acetoethylicus is unable to hydrolyse pentosans. In the investigations by previous workers this hydrolysis had been carried out by subjecting the vegetable waste to tem- peratures above 100 in the presence of sulphuric acid. Autor of the post: Undefined As the rate of hydrolysis Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 21:42:44 +0000 But this procedure could not be adopted for work on a technical scale owing to the corrosive action of dilute mineral acids on the steel required for the construction of containers capable of withstanding the high temperatures required. Thaysen and Galloway overcame this difficulty by reducing the temperature required to 100 or below, and by in- creasing at the same time the hydrogen ion concentration of the liquid in which the waste was suspended. As the rate of hydrolysis was found to be directly proportional to the pre- vailing hydrogen ion concentration at a given temperature, they increased the concentration of acid used to such an extent that complete hydrolysis of the pentosans could be ensured at a temperature of 100 At the same time, and in order to avoid an increased consumption of acid, they decreased the bulk of the solution taken for the suspension of the waste during hydrolysis. Autor of the post: Undefined The ensuing fermentation was Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 21:25:42 +0000 The pentoses resulting from the hydrolysis were extracted under aseptic conditions with water sterilized by boiling in the presence of a sufficient concentration of hydroxyl ions to ensure complete destruction of all spores and vegetative cells at 100 By choosing an alkaline reaction for the mash during sterilization they introduced the simplification of extracting the pentoses present in the hydrolysed mash and of neutralizing the acid remaining in the waste in one opera- tion. The resulting pentose extract was cooled under aseptic conditions and carried with similar precautions to a suitable container into which a culture of Ba acetoethylicus had previously been introduced. The ensuing fermentation was The control of the hydrogen ion concentration of the fer- menting mash was found to be a factor of great importance for the smooth conversion of the pentoses into ethyl alcohol and acetone. Autor of the post: Undefined The pH of the mash Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 21:11:19 +0000 Previous investigators had recommended con- ducting this conversion at a reaction corresponding to a pH value of 6-4, a figure which may be established by addition of an excess of calcium carbonate. Confirming the observations of previous writers that the development of Ba acetoethylicus proceeds faster at a some- what lower hydrogen ion concentration, Thaysen and Galloway recommended the periodic addition of a sterile calcium hydroxide suspension to the fermenting extract. The pH of the mash was thereby raised at intervals of four hours from the value of 6-4 to one of 7-8. Autor of the post: Undefined A yield of as much Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 20:53:13 +0000 By so doing they obtained a more rapid completion of the fermentation, with- out a diminution in the yield of acetone which, as Northrop, Ashe and Senior had shown is greatest other conditions being equal in mashes where the reaction has been main- tained on the acid side of the neutral point. The yields of acetone alcohol mixture obtained by Thaysen and Galloway from various waste materials on a semi-techni- cal scale were of the order expected and indicated a complete conversion of the pentoses. A yield of as much as 90 litres per 1,000 kg. Autor of the post: Undefined Though undoubtedly useful for Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 20:34:54 +0000 of vegetable waste was frequently recorded. Their process is recommended by them for the technical preparation of power alcohol in localities where waste vege- table material is available in abundance and where the price of other liquid fuels for internal combustion engines is suffi- ciently high to justify the production of power alcohol. Though undoubtedly useful for this purpose, Thaysen and Galloways process might be improved in one direction, by eliminating the preliminary acid hydrolysis introduced for the conversion of the pentosans of the waste into soluble pentoses. 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