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Apart from the production Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 20:17:43 +0000 The elimination of the acid hydrolysis, however, can be secured only by the use of bacteria capable of hydro- lysing pentosans prior to the fermentation of pentoses, and such types have not yet been isolated. They are probably found among the microflora of decomposing vegetable sub- stances, but an exhaustive study of this microflora has not yet been undertaken. Apart from the production of power alcohol, the use of pentose fermenting bacteria has been suggested (Fred, Peterson and Anderson ) for the technical production of volatile acids and of lactic acid. Autor of the post: Undefined The subject was touched upon Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 19:59:54 +0000 These suggestions have not been further developed, and are not likely to become of industrial importance unless the requirements of these acids, notably of lactic acid, should increase to such an extent that the available supplies of hexose residues become inadequate to satisfy the demands. THE review given in the preceding pages of the decomposition of carbohydrates by micro-organisms would be incomplete without a reference to certain syntheses which have been observed to occur during the early stages of fermentation and which appear to be intimately connected with them. The subject was touched upon in the preceding chapter when discussing the fermentation of pentoses, but must be given closer attention than was there possible. Autor of the post: Undefined Henneberg 2 con- firmed Cremers Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 19:42:32 +0000 As the study of the subject has emerged from observations on the microbiological synthesis of glycogen, starch, fat, and hemicelluloses, and is still in an early stage of development, it is most conveniently discussed on the basis of a knowledge of these observations. In 1899 Cremer 1 found that a yeast press juice when allowed to stand for some time, would lose its glycogen content and that glycogen could be reproduced by the juice when sufficient sugar, notably fructose, was added to it. Henneberg 2 con- firmed Cremers observations in the case of living yeast, and reported that the easiest method to secure storage of glyoogen in yeast was to place yeast cells in a 20 per cent, saccharose solution. Autor of the post: Undefined They showed later 5 Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 19:31:29 +0000 During the same period Macfadyen, Morris and Rowland 3 recorded that the amount of carbon dioxide given off by a yeast juice from a sugar is smaller than that to be expected from the amount of carbohydrate which has disappeared. Harden and Young confirmed this and found that the excess of sugar consumed by a yeast juice over and above that represented by carbon dioxide and alcohol amounted on an average to 38 per cent. They showed later 5 that this excess of sugar had been converted into a polysaccharide which they regarded as a condensation product, intermediate between glyoogen and hexose, possessing a higher dextrorotation than the latter, or even than that of hexosephosphorio esters, and inconvertible into glucose by hydrolysis. Autor of the post: Undefined that during yeast fermentations part Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 19:18:14 +0000 Buchner and Meisenheimer 6 repeated Harden and Youngs work, using a German bottom yeast juice, and confirmed their result, though the excess amount of sugar consumed by the juice in this case was considerably smaller than that observed by Harden and Young. The investigations referred to had established two im- portant facts. that during yeast fermentations part of the available sugar is condensed to a polysacoharide, related to or identical with glyoogen, and that this polysaocharide can be hydrolysed and utilized by yeast when no other carbo- hydrate is available, giving rise to the same fermentation products as the sugar from which it was formed. Autor of the post: Undefined Meyer refers to them Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 19:04:05 +0000 At various times papers have appeared showing that similar condensation products of monoses, giving a reddish brown coloration with iodine, are formed in the cells of many other micro-organisms at certain stages of their evolution. Most investigators, notably Errera, Kayser and Boulanger, Heinze, Wehmer and Zikes regard these condensation products as glycogen. Meyer refers to them as carbo- hydrates closely related to glycogen and amylodextrin. Autor of the post: Undefined The same may be claimed Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 18:52:21 +0000 The conditions favouring their production have not been studied in any appreciable detail. The observation of Kayser and Boulanger that the absence of air favours their accumulation, and that the presence of an acid has the opposite effect, con- forms with the generally expressed view. The same may be claimed for Zikes statement that a rise in the temperature of incubation increases their accumulation. Autor of the post: Undefined The association of these substances Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 18:40:20 +0000 In the case of the synthesis of polysaccharides by other micro-organisms, the effects of oxygen, hydrogen ion con- centration of the medium, and temperature may be different. Observations made on these points will be referred to in the following pages. The association of these substances with the presence in the culture medium of various carbon compounds, notably of monoses, was definitely established by Boas. Autor of the post: Undefined Why Boas should have chosen Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 18:27:13 +0000 He found that not only glucose, fructose and mannose, but galactose, arabinose, glycerol, mannitol and certain organic acids, such as citric acid, could be converted into starch-like substances by Aspergillus niger. The significance of this fact appears to have been over- looked by Boas, conceivably because of his having reached the conviction, previously expressed by Lappaleinen, that the accumulation was due to a disintegration of sub- stances of the cell wall of the active fungus, and not to a synthesis activated by an enzyme. Why Boas should have chosen the former interpretation in preference to the latter is not easy to understand, seeing that the assumption of a disintegration of the cell wall to starch-like substances must logically demand the conception of a prior synthesis by the organism of even higher condensation products than starch. Autor of the post: Undefined He recommended the use Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 18:15:33 +0000 The fact remains, however, that Boas has shown that in the presence not only of glucose and of other hexoses, but also of the pentose arabinose, Aspergittus niger produces starch- like substances. The conditions favouring the production of these sub- stances were also investigated by Boas. He recommended the use of a culture medium containing from 6 to 10 per cent, of carbohydrate, 1 to 6 per cent, ammonium sulphate and the developing mycelium showed a positive starch reaction after 20 hours incubation. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |