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Had the synthesis proceeded Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 15:17:01 +0000 Another observation supporting the assumption of a direct condensation of monoses to hemioelluloses is that hemicelluloses are formed during the early stages of the development of the active organism before a fermentative activity becomes noticeable. When fermentation has com- menced the polysacoharides already produced are broken down into the same fermentation products as the original monose. Had the synthesis proceeded from comparatively simple compounds such as aoetaldehyde or pyruvio acid, there would be no reason why it should be so intimately connected with the early stages of development, a period when these compounds have not yet been produced in measurable quantities. Autor of the post: Undefined Gruss arrived Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 14:57:31 +0000 Prom the account given of the synthesis of glycogen, starch, starch related substances, fats and hemicelluloses, it will have been seen that micro-organisms which ferment monoses are frequently able to perform syntheses in which the monoses are involved. It is known that in some cases this synthesis affects a very large percentage of the available monoses, but it has not yet been conclusively proved that they are essential stages in the fermentation of a monose as suggested by Grey 19 and by Gruss. Gruss arrived at the conclusion that glucose, on being fermented by yeast, is first broken down to CHOH groups, these groups synthesized to glycogen by an enzyme of the yeast cell, and the glycogen subsequently hydrolysed to glucose and converted by enzymes into carbon dioxide and alcohol. Autor of the post: Undefined The view that a preliminary Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 14:41:36 +0000 Though it may be admitted that this is a somewhat ex- travagant conception of the reactions taking place in the fermentation of a monose by micro-organisms, it cannot be denied that cases are known which are difficult to explain without the assumption of a preliminary synthesis of a sub- stance into a more complicated compound prior to its resolu- tion into final fermentation products. One of the most striking of these cases, to which reference was made in the same fermentation products quantitatively as well as qualitatively as those obtainable from an hexose by the same type of micro-organisms. The view that a preliminary condensation of a pentose occurs prior to its fermentation has undoubtedly been strengthened by the observations of Boas 31 that starch-like substances are produced from arabinose by Aaprgilkts niger. Autor of the post: Undefined These concretions, described as frogs spawn Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 14:27:50 +0000 It has already been emphasized that the subject of the synthetic activity of micro-organisms has remained practically unexplored in the past, that little is known of the conditions governing the reactions, and even less of the reactions them- selves. Obviously they are largely of theoretical interest, except in so far as they affect the question of mucus pro- duction by micro-organisms, a subject which will be discussed AT an early date in the annals of microbiology attention was drawn to the formation of cartilaginous bodies in stored beet and oane sugar juices, la fermentation visqueuse of Des- fosses.These concretions, described as frogs spawn by German writers, accumulated at the bottom of containers holding the juices, and in serious cases converted the whole of the juices into a semi-gelatinous substance. Autor of the post: Undefined Durin 4 recorded similar observations Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 14:08:06 +0000 Desfosses, and with him several other investigators, notably Boudrimont, 2 were of the opinion that the mucus had been produced by the nitrogen contained in the affected sugar juices. Jubert 8 regarded the concretions as living plants and showed that they could be made to increase in size when placed in saccha- rose solutions. Durin 4 recorded similar observations, but failed to appreciate their significance, and, like Scheibler, 5 considered the concretions as decomposition products of the cells of the sugar beet. Autor of the post: Undefined They arrived independently Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 13:48:51 +0000 The connexion of the concretions with the activity of bacteria was first suggested by Pasteur, 6 who attributed their formation to the action of a coccus forming short chains. Mendes, Cienkowski and van Tieghem confirmed Pasteurs observation. They arrived independently at the conclusion that the responsible organism was related to Cohns species, Ascococcua Billroihii Cienkowski terming the new organism Ascococcus mesenteroides, van Tieghem Ascococcus Mendesii, in honour of Mendes. Autor of the post: Undefined Further reference will be made Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 13:34:56 +0000 In many text-books Ascococcus mesente- roides is discussed under the name Leuconostoc mesenteroides. By Lehmann and Neumann 10 it is described as Strepto- coccus mesenteroides. Further reference will be made to this Subsequently mucus production was observed in other carbohydrate containing liquids and was frequently found to cause serious damage to industrial products and articles of food. Autor of the post: Undefined The subject of ropy bread Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 13:24:05 +0000 In infusions of Digitalis purpurea, containing saccha- rose, and in other sweetened medicinal preparations, it was studied by Bienz, Brautigam and Happ, and was claimed by Brautigam to be due, in the case examined by him, to the resolution of the cell wall of a coccus, found in large numbers At about the same time Laurent 15 discovered mucus forma tion in bread, where it had been produced by a bacterium termed by him Ba panificans. His investigations were later confirmed and extended, notably by Vogel, who found the micro-organisms of ropy bread to be closely related to Ba mesentericus. The subject of ropy bread will be dealt with in Pasteur had described mucus production in beer and wine, van Laer confirmed his observations, and described a rod Ba viscosus, which he claimed to be responsible for the ropiness of beer. Autor of the post: Undefined More recently the mucus produced Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 13:13:00 +0000 These various observations made it evident, not only that mucus can be produced by different types of bacteria belong- ing to widely separated species, but that the appearance of the mucus is associated with the presence of carbohydrates, not necessarily of saccharose, as maintained by Jubert and by B6champs, but of lactose, glucose (Schmidt ), and galactose (Kramer; and Einmerling ). Even the alcohol mannitol was found by Schmidt to be a suitable raw material for mucus production. More recently the mucus produced by Azotobacter croococcum has been shown by Stapp to be a condensation product of a dextro-rotatory monose, and that of Bact. Autor of the post: Undefined Oxidized with nitrio acid it Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 13:02:55 +0000 radicicola has been shown by Greig Smith to be of a similar nature. The chemical composition of the mucus from beet juices was investigated in considerable detail by Scheibler, who describes it as a colourless substance when pure, giving a quantitative yield of glucose on hydrolysis. Oxidized with nitrio acid it yielded oxalic acid. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |