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Scheibler found that the gelatinous Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 12:48:11 +0000 For this reason Scheibler regarded it as an anhydride of glucose, to which he gave the name dextran. Durin, on the other hand, spoke of the mucus as a cellulose, while B6champs regarded it as a type of starch. Scheibler found that the gelatinous bodies taken direct from sugar beet juices were usually stained greyish black and contained mannitol, but repeated boiling in a solution of calcium hydroxide or in other alkaline solutions, in all of which they were found to be soluble removed the impurities and left a colourless mucus capable of imbibing as much as 85 to 88 per cent, of water, in spite of its being insoluble in this medium. Autor of the post: Undefined The discovery by Durin Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 12:37:30 +0000 The origin of the mannitol found in the raw mucus was not discussed by Scheibler, but was subsequently associated by Pasteur with the activity of the mucus producing bacteria. Pasteurs suggestion was verified experimentally by various investigators. The discovery by Durin of appreciable quantities of fructose in the saccharose solutions in which mucus had been formed showed that its production was associated with a preliminary hydrolysis of the saccharose molecule. Autor of the post: Undefined Where marked acid reactions prevail Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 12:19:00 +0000 Other important features of the mucus formation were discussed by Burin, notably the favourable influence of the presence of calcium carbonate. That reactions close to the neutral point, and especially slightly on its alkaline side, are favourable, has been emphasized by all subsequent investigators dealing with this subject. Where marked acid reactions prevail mucus production rarely occurs. Autor of the post: Undefined It was found by Lippmann Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 12:08:34 +0000 The reason for this has not yet been established, but can hardly be attributed, as sug- gested by Greig Smith, 23 to the hydrolytic action of the hydrogen ions present under such conditions. The glucose derivative investigated by Scheibler is not the only condensation product which bacteria synthesize from saccharose. It was found by Lippmann that mucus obtained by him from saccharose yielded fructose on hydrolysis with dilute acids. Autor of the post: Undefined Similarly the mucus produced Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 11:53:08 +0000 His observations were confirmed by Greig Smith and by Fernbach and Sohoen, the first-named terming the substance levan. In these cases glucose accumulated in the saccharose solutions in proportions showing that fructose was the sole source of mucus. Similarly the mucus produced in milk could be shown to be a condensation product of galactose, thus emphasizing the conclusion usually arrived at that mioro- biologioally formed mucus is a condensation product of the one monose from which a particular organism is capable of synthesizing it, and that it is convertible into this monose, and this monose only, through simple hydrolysis with dilute mineral acids. Autor of the post: Undefined It will have been seen Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 11:40:45 +0000 The only observations which cannot be har- monized with this view are those of Schardinger, 26 who records that the galaotan investigated by him could be obtained from lactose, saccharose and glucose. A reinvestigation of his observations would be most desirable in view of the con- sensus of opinion outlined above on the mode of formation of other types of mucus. It will have been seen that most of the earlier publications on the subject associated mucus production with the activity of bacteria, notably with types which to-day can be recog- nized as belonging to the mannitol producing lactic acid bacteria. Autor of the post: Undefined 28 Among the obligatory anaerobes Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 11:24:40 +0000 In time a large number of others have been added to the earlier types, Bact. lactis arogenes, for instance, by Emmerling, an ethyl alcohol producing spore-forming organism, Clostridium gelatinoaum, by Laxa, and more recently Ba acetoettvylicus by Northrop and collaborators. 28 Among the obligatory anaerobes the writers have frequently observed mucus formation in young cultures of Ba acetoni- genus, particularly when these cultures had been prepared from spores kept for a prolonged period on dried sand. Autor of the post: Undefined In his general survey Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 11:09:55 +0000 Another species spoken of as a mucus producer is Azoto- bacter oroococcum, one of the most important nitrogen fixing micro-organisms of the soil. Stapp 21 concluded from his investigation that the mucus produced by this organism is of a carbohydrate nature, yielding a dextro-rotatory monose on hydrolysis with dilute acids. In his general survey of mucus production by micro- organisms Beijerinok states that the actinomycetes, the yeasts and the fungi are unable to produce this substance. Autor of the post: Undefined Meissners 81 mucus-producing yeasts Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 10:56:15 +0000 His statement undoubtedly requires revision, at least as regards the yeasts and the fungi. As early as 1879 Binz u referred to a fungus capable of producing mucus. Meissners 81 mucus-producing yeasts or torulae belong here, and the same no doubt is the case with the Dematium pulhtZans studied by Lindner, and the type of the same organism isolated by Massee from a case of gummosis in Prunus japonica. Autor of the post: Undefined In most cases the raw Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 10:36:51 +0000 In Aspergillus conicus, a species closely related to Aspergillus glaucus, mucus was observed by Dale. vxhe isolation in pure culture of the organisms responsible for the production of mucus has frequently met with con- siderable difficulty. In most cases the raw material contains several species of micro-organisms which take no part in the production of mucus, but which are difficult to separate from the causative organisms by dilution in the usual way owing to the insolubility of the mucus. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |