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This conclusion was actually arrived Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 5:27:53 +0000 Under these conditions large populations, such as the normal interna infection of grain, will have every opportunity to outweigl more accidental infections introduced with dirt and soil, anc therefore to dominate the microbiological changes taking place. An account and analysis of the observations made on the microbiology of grain and flour will substantiate the correct well be thought to occur. This conclusion was actually arrived at by Bernheim, 14 and subsequently by Galippe, 16 who suggested that soil bacteria penetrated the tissues of most plants except garli However, Fernbaoh 10 in France and Buchner 17 in Germany proved that the interior of normal vegetable tissues are free from micro-organisms. Autor of the post: Undefined The internal infection cannot Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 5:12:49 +0000 Chrzaszoz describes as an internal infection the whole of the microflora of the cereal seed, consisting of the true epiphytic flora and of the secondary flora, developing in the flower and on the ripening grain in damp seasons, and con- trasts this flora with the external infection composed of an entirely accidental mioroflora which has become mixed with the grain with particles of dirt and soil, and which in most cases has had no opportunity of development. The external infection can be considerably reduced, and perhaps even completely suppressed, by removal of the soil and dirt adhering to the seed, or by treatment with suitable antiseptics. The internal infection cannot be similarly influenced. Autor of the post: Undefined This is important as it Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 5:00:14 +0000 Wetting, whether with clean water for washing purposes or with dilute antiseptics, does not destroy it. On the contrary, wetting would in most cases induce a renewed activity which, as already remarked, would be favoured by the presence of carbohydrates. This is important as it ex- plains why an analogy exists between the microbiological changes occurring in grain and flour, in adhesive pastes and sizing materials made from flour, and in dough and bread. Autor of the post: Undefined An account and analysis Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 4:49:59 +0000 In all of these materials there is available a sufficiently large supply of soluble carbohydrates to ensure a rapid growth of carbohydrate decomposing micro-organisms. Under these conditions large populations, such as the normal internal infection of grain, will have every opportunity to outweigh more accidental infections introduced with dirt and soil, and therefore to dominate the microbiological changes taking place. An account and analysis of the observations made on the microbiology of grain and flour will substantiate the correct- ness of this statement. Autor of the post: Undefined The required TmmTnnm of water Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 4:34:14 +0000 IT has been indicated that the seeds of cereals, like those of other plants, possess a specific microflora largely composed of non spore-forming short rods, but containing representa- tives of true yeasts, lower fungi, such as Cladosporium her- barum and Aspergillus and Penicillium species, and infre- quently also of cocci and spore-forming rods. Like all living cells, these types depend for their development on the presence of nutritive substances and of small but definite concentra- tions of moisture. The required TmmTnnm of water will frequently be exceeded while the grain is still developing, but normally should not be reached after ripening. Autor of the post: Undefined He found that samples Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 4:21:26 +0000 Nevertheless, occasions frequently occur when excess moisture is present in the ripened grain, and when, in consequence, the microflora of the seed develops abnormally. In a study of the behaviour of the seeds of various cereals, stored in glass containers, Atter- berg 1 sought to establish the minimum concentration of moisture which allows the development of an indigenous microflora. He found that samples of wheat, containing up to 15-6 per cent, of moisture, remained unaffected by micro- organisms during storage, but developed mould growth when this moisture percentage was exceeded. Autor of the post: Undefined For maize, Black and Alsberg Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 4:04:04 +0000 In the case of barley, most samples remained sound when containing less than 14-4 per cent, of moisture, though a few became slightly mouldy at this concentration. Samples of oats remained normal when containing 162 per cent, of water. For maize, Black and Alsberg gave 12 per cent, as the maximum per- missible concentration. Autor of the post: Undefined This damage has claimed Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 3:53:06 +0000 In one case Thorn and LeFevre 3 observed development of mould on a sample of maize con- taining less than 13 per cent, of moisture. Such percentages are invariably exceeded during wet seasons, when moisture contents of 24 to 28 per cent, have been observed (Atterberg ) Microbiological activity, there- fore, sets in at such seasons, and the grain becomes more or less seriously damaged. This damage has claimed the atten- tion of many investigators. Autor of the post: Undefined This was observed by Hoffmann Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 3:33:57 +0000 It is often noticeable in the first and more give rise to bacterial activity. In extreme cases the damage may lead to spontaneous combustion of the stored grain. This was observed by Hoffmann in a case of stored bran, and was described by him as due in the first instance to the respiration of the cells of the damp bran increasing the temperature sufficiently to allow micro- organisms to develop. Autor of the post: Undefined An account of Haldane Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 3:15:03 +0000 Their activity was stated to raise the temperature to 70 , a point at which the absorption of oxygen would proceed at a greatly increased rate, sufficient to bring the temperature to 160 , when the bran would ignite. Hoffmanns exposition agrees in its essentials with Haldane and Makgills conception of the spontaneous com- bustion of hay. An account of Haldane and Makgills work was summarized by Thaysen and Bunker in their review of the spontaneous combustion of vegetable tissues. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |