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The explanation given was Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 0:37:02 +0000 Severe cases are not infrequently fatal. The theory of the connexion of pellagra with the develop- ment of micro-organisms on ripening maize was first ad- vanced by Lombroso (see Tirelli ; and Pellizzi and Tirelli ), and was widely accepted until recently. The explanation given was that fungi, notably species of Aspergillus, when developing in maize, produced toxic protein decomposition products which, on continued consumption, gave rise to the symptoms characteristic of pellagra. Autor of the post: Undefined 21 Definite conclusions were not Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 0:19:34 +0000 A very extensive litera- ture exists on this aspect of the action of micro-organisms on ripening grain, and great efforts have been made by various Italian investigators to bring forward evidence in support of the existence of such toxins and of their specific action on animals and man. Summaries of this work were given by Serena, by Bertarelli and by Ceni. 21 Definite conclusions were not reached, however, since it was found (Bezzola ) that guinea-pigs fed on an exclusive diet of normal maize showed symptoms resembling pellagra. Autor of the post: Undefined Even after ripening, without being Post Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2008 0:03:39 +0000 Bezzolas observations, which he was anxious not to interpret as con- clusive evidence, have recently been confirmed by Mouri- quand, and notably by Goldberger, Wheeler, Lillie and Rogers, by Goldberger and Lillie and by Marshall Fuidlay, all of whom attribute pellagra to an exclusive consumption of food deficient in the thermostable part of vitamine B (vitamine B 2 of the Committee of Accessory Food Factors). Maize, whether sound or damaged by micro-organisms, is notoriously deficient of this vitamine. Even after ripening, without being noticeably attacked by micro-organisms, grain and its milling products, bran and flour, may still become microbiologically damaged, not only by types belonging to the internal microflora, but by organ- isms introduced accidentally with soil and dust. Autor of the post: Undefined , and barley (Atterberg) became mouldy Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 23:49:59 +0000 For such damage to occur the presence of moisture is essential. Atter- berg 1 stipulated that wheat and oats, when containing more than 16 per cent, of moisture, became liable to attack ; rice, according to Haselhoff and Mach, suffered damage in the presence of more than 10 per cent., and barley (Atterberg) became mouldy when containing more than 14 per cent, of water, provided the temperature during storage exceeded a certain minimum. Autor of the post: Undefined Such drying can be achieved Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 23:39:38 +0000 Atterberg did not investigate the influence of the temperature very exhaustively, but he observed that barley, containing as much as 24 to 28 per cent, of moisture, remained sound during the winter months, while it invariably became attacked when warmer weather prevailed. Observa- tions that low temperatures are safer for the storage of damp grain than average room temperatures, were made also by Bell, who nevertheless favoured a warm dry storage room, provided the moisture of the grain or flour had previously been reduced to below the minimum inducing the growth of micro-organisms. Such drying can be achieved in practice by moving the grain from one elevator to another, on endless belts and in a dry atmosphere, when the questionable advantage is incidentally secured of polishing the surface of the individual kernel and of removing superficial growth of mycelium and fungus spores. Autor of the post: Undefined A comparatively slight excess Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 23:29:09 +0000 Black and Alsberg 2 draw attention to the drawback of this removal, and point out that the detection of damaged grain is rendered more difficult by the treatment. The methods which have been recommended for the detec- tion and determination of microbiological damage in stored grain and flour will be discussed subsequently. A comparatively slight excess of moisture in stored grain or flour will result in the development of fungi rather than of bacteria, and with equal moisture contents it is generally noticeable (Black and Alsberg) that growth occurs more readily in flour or bran than in whole grain. Autor of the post: Undefined In the case of rye Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 23:15:40 +0000 Haselhoff and Mach observed growth of Asprgillua oryzae in rice flour containing no more than 10 per cent, of moisture, while 16 to 20 per cent, were required for Penicillium glaucum to develop. Both species, of course, are constant members of the internal mioroflora of grain. In the case of rye flour, mould growth occurred, according to Arnoldow, in samples with more than 17 per cent, of moisture, and proceeded rapidly, the presence of the fungi being detectable after 24 hours, not only by a mouldy odour, but by the loss of several per cent, of the carbohydrates present, a loss which after three months storage had increased to more than 60 per cent. Autor of the post: Undefined This is confirmed Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 22:59:48 +0000 In these cases little change was observed in the protein and the fat content of the flour, an interesting observation which was confirmed in the case of the protein of cotton seeds by Konig, Spieckermann and Olig. 5 When bacteria, and notably putrefying bacteria, participate in the deterioration of stored grain and its products the pro- tein present undoubtedly becomes affected. This is confirmed by the observations of Konig, Spieokermann and Olig in the case of cotton seed cake. Autor of the post: Undefined The unpalatable appearance of cereal Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 22:48:23 +0000 In such cases toxic protein decom- position products may conceivably be formed as reported by Cortez. On the other hand, Dragendorf investigated an epidemic among swine, said to have been due to the feeding of deteriorated protein residues of a maize starch factory, and was unable to detect the presence of toxic products. The unpalatable appearance of cereal products which have been attacked by bacteria, as distinct from fungi, and their un- doubted detrimental action on the intestinal canal of man and beast, are probably due as much, if not more, to the action of butyric acid producing bacteria on the starch as to that of putrefying types on the protein. Autor of the post: Undefined And it has been established Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 22:33:47 +0000 The subject of the damage of cereals and their mining products by bacteria has received little attention in the past in spite of the economic interest which it undoubtedly possesses. It is known from the work of KOnig, Spieckermann and Olig, that bacteria require a higher moisture content to develop, 30 per cent, being the figure given by the writers referred to. And it has been established by Prillieux and by Griffiths that a certain type, Bact. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |