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There are other questions connected Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 22:22:29 +0000 prodigiosum, may affect the starch content of damp cereals and discolour them. But the formation of those felted nauseating lumps of grain and flour which may be met with under unsuitable storage con- ditions, and which sometimes represent a considerable pro- portion of a total consignment, for instance of sea-shipped grain or flour, have not yet been studied either by bacte- riologists, who might elucidate how they arise and the types of bacteria which participate in their formation, nor by chemists and physiologists, who might determine to what extent the damage wrought has rendered the starch present unsuitable not only for consumption but also for industrial purposes. There are other questions connected with the activity of bacteria in stored cereals and cereal products which are worthy of interest, for instance, the occurrence of the bacteria responsible for the ropiness in bread. Autor of the post: Undefined But no informa- tion Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 22:03:55 +0000 The appearance of ropy bread has been definitely traced to the presence of the responsible bacillus, of which more will have to be said later, in the flour used. Laurent and Thomann first made the observation, and subsequent writers, among them Watkins, 85 have shown that a change in the flour used in bakeries where an epidemic of ropy bread has broken out, will invariably result in the elimination of the complaint. But no informa- tion is available to indicate how a consignment of flour can become infected with the rope-producing bacillus to such an extent that even fractions of a gramme may suffice to initiate the disease in bread. Autor of the post: Undefined It is highly improbable Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 21:51:44 +0000 There is also the question of the extent to which bacteria participate in the production of acid in stored cereals, an used by various investigators as an indication of micro- biological activity. Bell determined the changes in the acidity of stored flour, and suggested that lower fungi were responsible for an increased acidity, while bacteria caused a liquefaction of the flour. It is highly improbable that a sharply defined subdivision such as this can be justifiable in all cases, but the question requires investigation. Autor of the post: Undefined The attack of micro-organisms Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 21:37:11 +0000 To mention but one more subject amongst many others, there is at present nothing to indicate the fate of the numerous non-spore-f orming bacteria of the internal microflora, notably the gas-producing types of the paratyphosum group and the lactic acid bacteria, during the normal and abnormal storage of grain and flour. It is not known whether this flora under- goes changes during storage, which might be correlated with the chemical changes suffered by the grain, notably by its protein as observed by Marion, and therefore might be used as a simple means of detecting such changes, and indirectly possibly the age of a stored cereal or cereal product. The attack of micro-organisms on stored cereals may occur from the surface towards the interior, when fractured surfaces and holes left by grain-boring insects are the ports of entry for the micro-organisms. Autor of the post: Undefined Some- times it can Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 21:25:26 +0000 Or it may start under the cuticle of the grain, and then usually in the cavity surrounding the germ, a site which, it would appear, frequently becomes invaded by a mycelium, notably of Penicilliuin or of Apr- gillus species. Such hidden growth of micro-organisms is very difficult for the untrained observer to detect. Some- times it can be detected only with a powerful lens, and appears as isolated conidiophores, with adhering spores, reaching from the surrounding walls towards the centre of the germ cavity. Autor of the post: Undefined In aggravated cases these spots Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 21:06:23 +0000 These cases probably indicate a growth which has come to a standstill prior to storage. In other cases faintly bluish-grey to brown spots are perceptible through the tissues covering the embyro cavity, indicating the growth and spread of a fungus. In aggravated cases these spots converge and cover smaller or greater parts of the whole grain. Autor of the post: Undefined prodigiosum Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 20:53:52 +0000 A bluish- grey spotting is usually due to Penicittium species, a bronze colour to Aspergillus fumigatus, which has been reported present in damaged grain by various observers, most recently by Sartory and Sartory. 38 Where a reddish discoloration occurs, Black and AJsberg attribute it to Bact. prodigiosum. Autor of the post: Undefined In his treatise on maize Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 20:34:36 +0000 In extreme cases the whole surface of an attacked grain may be covered with a fine powder of fungus spores. Such cases, of course, are easily recognized and would require no specific technique for their detection. In his treatise on maize and maize products, Schindler 39 stipulates that a cereal used for human or animal consump- tion should contain no more than 5 per cent, of mouldy kernels. Autor of the post: Undefined By basing the estimate Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 20:24:23 +0000 Black and Alsberg consider this percentage too high, at least when taken to include the visibly damaged grains only. They suggest 2 to 2-6 per cent, as a maximum figure, a proposal which is not unreasonable. By basing the estimate on visibly damaged grain the necessary analyses are much simplified, at least when such analyses are restricted to an actual counting of the grains, of which 500 should be taken in each case. Autor of the post: Undefined Here other methods Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 20:11:59 +0000 This method can in the best of oases be approximate only, since it gives little or no information on the types of deterioration in which the damage has failed to reach an advanced state, or where the grain has been treated by rubbing or polishing to remove visible signs of fungus growth. Nor does it suffice in the case of flour. Here other methods have to be adopted. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |