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Emmerling stipulated that a sound Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 19:55:03 +0000 The first of these, which was suggested by Emmerling, 4 was very crude. It was based on the time taken for a sample of flour, or grain after grinding into flour, to acquire a mouldy odour on mixing with water to form a paste. Emmerling stipulated that a sound flour thus treated should retain its normal odour for at least 24 hours. Autor of the post: Undefined The nature of this acidity Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 19:42:35 +0000 The method was widely adopted for the testing of various feeding materials, in spite of the fact that it frequently gave inconclusive results, for instance in the cases reported by Gordan, 40 who used it to determine the soundness of various cattle foods, including bran. It is now universally replaced by methods which determine the changes of acidity occurring in stored gram, or flour as a result of microbiological activity. The nature of this acidity were studied by Dombrowski. Autor of the post: Undefined It could be improved Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 19:23:34 +0000 41 He found it due to the production of acetic and lactic acids. Black and Alsbergs method is of considerable value in cases where the deterioration has led to an increase in acidity. It could be improved in its technique by taking 20 gms of flour and a double quantity of alcohol for extraction. Autor of the post: Undefined These methods have not been Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 19:08:50 +0000 The amounts given by Black and Alsberg are barely sufficient to secure 25 c of the extract for titration purposes. In addition to these general methods, other and more specific tests have been recommended for the detection of the microbiological deterioration of cereals, notably of maize, the Gosio 42 phenol test, for instance, and Oris 43 catalase test. These methods have not been found to be reliable and need not, therefore, be discussed in detail. Autor of the post: Undefined An effort to measure Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 18:58:47 +0000 The germination test advocated by Sclavo, 44 and adopted officially in Italy to ascertain the soundness of maize, demands a TniTnTnmn of 80 per cent, of germinating power, a figure which is considered too low by Ori, 48 who advocates 90 per cent. Sclavos test is open to several objections, including the possibility of an otherwise sound grain having been heated too high during artificial drying and its germ destroyed or weakened. An effort to measure the deterioration of stored grain and flour by microbiological analysis was foreshadowed by Smith (see Black and AJsberg ), but work in this direction does not appear to have been followed up. Autor of the post: Undefined Their presence prevents brewers yeast Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 18:38:50 +0000 In spite of the apparent facility with which grain and flour are attacked on storage, one type of cereal at least has been shown to possess properties which actively inhibit the de- velopment of certain micro-organisms. In wheat such in- hibitory substances were found by Baker and Hulton. Their presence prevents brewers yeast from being used for the raising of a dough. Autor of the post: Undefined As a sterilization by heat Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 18:26:35 +0000 To what extent a natural resistance against decay occurs in seeds other than wheat has not yet been ascertained. Considerable attention has been paid to the elimination of micro-organisms from grain and flour. As a sterilization by heat cannot be adopted on account of the resulting damage to the protein, Wollneys cold sterilization process, based on treatment with ether, was tried in the case of flour by Wolffin and by Holliger who found it of considerable value, while Budinoff and Dombrowski failed to sterilize flour in this way, at least when spore-forming bacteria were present. Autor of the post: Undefined Various spore-forming rods will remain Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 18:08:00 +0000 As an alternative to ether, Vandevelde recommended the use of chloroform in acetone, and subsequently carbondisul- phide, which he says causes less drastic changes in the chemical and physical properties of the flour than any of the other substances recommended. In the writers experience none of these methods are entirely satisfactory for the sterilization of grain and flours. Various spore-forming rods will remain alive on grain and flour for periods of more than months when suspended in chloro- form, ether, or carbondisulphide. Autor of the post: Undefined It is highly questionable whether Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 17:55:31 +0000 To prevent microbiological damage to grain and flour on storage, Legendre recommends the addition of small quanti- ties of harmless alkaline materials to the grain. He claims that the change in reaction thereby secured successfully inhibits the formation of sugars by the diastatic enzymes of the grain, and that a multiplication of the bacteria present is prevented in the absence of the resulting sugars. It is highly questionable whether this procedure, even if effective, will be found to be of practical importance. Autor of the post: Undefined A film of this paste Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 17:45:21 +0000 WHEN a fabric is woven, the warp threads are held parallel in the loom, whilst the weft yarn is passed to and fro by means of a shuttle. In order to smooth and strengthen the warp threads they are usually given a preliminary sizing by being passed through a hot paste or size 3 made of starch or flour. A film of this paste coats the yarn and to some extent penetrates the interstices between the individual fibres. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |