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The starch preparations most commonly Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 17:28:07 +0000 In some cases the size also serves as a means of adding weighting materials such as china clay to the cloth. In the case of cloths which are to be bleached, the size is removed after weaving, but such cloths are in subsequent processes usually finished with a dressing of some starch preparation. The starch preparations most commonly used for sizing purposes are wheat flour, potato starch (farina), maize starch, and sago starch. Autor of the post: Undefined The size is next run Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 17:16:36 +0000 For the preparation of the size the starch- containing material chosen is usually agitated with cold water in an open storage vat until uniformly suspended. Steam is then admitted, and the liquid is heated and stirred for a time, varying from some twenty minutes to four or five hours. The size is next run through a pipe which communi- cates with the container in which the warp thread is im- mersed in the size. Autor of the post: Undefined At first sight this procedure Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 17:04:35 +0000 The supply of size to this container, the size box or sow box, is automatically controlled, and the size is maintained at a temperature of about 95 The warp threads pass through the hot size and thence to a drying drum. The quantity in the size box is renewed every six to seven hours, through the automatic inflow which replaces the amount removed with the warp. At first sight this procedure appears to ensure the absence of micro -biological activity during the preparation and application of the size, and to guarantee that no living micro-organisms remain on the warp leaving the size box. Autor of the post: Undefined This residue remains behind Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 16:46:34 +0000 A closer analysis of the procedure, however, as well as of the plant used, will show that this is not the case. The vat in which the size is prepared is usually made of wood, and it is so constructed that the last quantity of size, often amounting to or more litres, cannot be drained off. This residue remains behind during the time which elapses between the preparation of two batches of size, a period during which the temperature in the storage vat sinks to approximately room temperature. Autor of the post: Undefined In support of this may Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 16:35:05 +0000 As the temperature during the preparation of the size has never exceeded 100, and has usually remained somewhat below this figure at 95 the spores of many micro- organisms must have survived and remained viable in the hot size. It is almost certain that even some non-sporing types must have withstood the heat applied during the preparation of the size. In support of this may be quoted Thaysens 1 observations in his account of the fermentation process for mn. Autor of the post: Undefined Whilst the former flora would Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 16:19:46 +0000 ng butyl alcohol and acetone on a lactic acid bacterium, Bact volutans, which withstood an exposure 5 per cent, maize mash This resistance was due perhaps to the protection afforded by the colloidal nature of the mash, since Bact . volutans was found to be destroyed in five minutes Many types perhaps even spores of fungi which thus survive the preparation of the size, would develop in the size remaining in the storage vat when its temperature had fallen below 40 Other types might conceivably be introduced from the air. Whilst the former flora would comprise butyric acid bacilli, capable of hydrolysing starch and of rendering it sour, the latter might include spore-forming soil bacilli, also possessed of starch hydrolysing properties and able to render the size an increasingly suitable food for many fer- menting types of the internal mioroflora of gram. Autor of the post: Undefined In the size box Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 16:05:38 +0000 The whole of this microflora would become mixed with subsequently prepared quantities of size and would penetrate the pores of the wood of the tank, where it would form a further nucleus from which future batches of starch could be infected. Attention was drawn by Whewell to this danger of an infection from the wood. In the size box, the temperature at which its content is maintained would effectively prevent a development of micro-organisms ; those present would be transferred to the sized yarn without further numerical increase and would remain inactive until the moisture content of the yarn had reached a figure suitable for growth. Autor of the post: Undefined This work could very easily Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 15:50:31 +0000 Their numbers would be correspondingly increased if, as sometimes happens, the operator added a quantity of un- treated starch or flour direct to the paste in the size box to thicken it. An attempt has not yet been made to ascertain the num- bers and types of micro-organisms present in the size box. This work could very easily be undertaken and would finally decide whether fungus spores and non-spore forming bacteria are introduced with the size to the yarn and cloth, a question which at present remains in dispute. Autor of the post: Undefined Where an antiseptic is added Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 15:31:00 +0000 Where wheat flour is used the size is not prepared as out- lined above. Practical experience has shown that a more suitable size can be obtained when the wheat flour is exposed to a preliminary fermentation process either in the absence of or in the presence of an antisepti For the latter zinc chloride is usually chosen. Where an antiseptic is added the treatment is described as a steeping process, though the term steeped flour is often loosely used as synonymous with fermented flour. Autor of the post: Undefined During this period the paste Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 15:15:02 +0000 For fermentation or steeping, wheat flour is made into a paste with equal weights of cold or tepid water. The paste is allowed to stand at room temperature for several weeks, two to three months being a not unusual time. During this period the paste is stirred frequently. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |