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The microflora of the paste Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 14:59:50 +0000 The stirring would appear to be an essential part of the treatment. Laboratory experiments confirm the suggestion that a certain amount of aeration is necessary to check putrefying micro-organisms. The microflora of the paste, and the resulting changes, will depend on whether the wheat flour is fermented in the absence or in the presence of an antiseptic ; one would expect that in the former case the whole, or at least a substantial part of the normal internal microflora of wheat would secure favourable conditions for growth, while a limitation in activity would occur when an antiseptic was added. Autor of the post: Undefined Stocks attributes the advantages gained Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 14:45:32 +0000 It is not possible to give a very detailed account of the microbiology of the preparation of wheat flour sizes. The observations on the subject given by Stocks 3 are not very exhaustive. Stocks attributes the advantages gained by fermenting or steeping a wheat flour prior to turning it into size, to the protein thereby becoming more readily soluble, and yielding a stronger binding agent. Autor of the post: Undefined A few days later Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 14:32:05 +0000 The simul- taneous production of organic acids is claimed to prevent putrefying bacteria from developing. Stocks also remarks that the first change noted, when no antiseptics are present, is a considerable frothing of the paste due to the action of yeast on sugars present. A few days later the flour-water mixture develops a pleasant fruity odour, while its acidity commences to rise owing to the formation of lactic and acetic acids. Autor of the post: Undefined The following hitherto unpublished observations Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 14:13:55 +0000 Though the whole of this acidity must necessarily have been formed from the available starch or from its dextrinous decomposition products, the sugars having been previously consumed by yeast, it is frequently asserted that even when the fermentation is prolonged no loss of starch occurs. Bean and Scarisbrick 4 deny this, and state that the introduction of an antiseptic is essential to prevent loss or damage to the starch. The following hitherto unpublished observations on the microbiological changes during flour fermentation were col- lected during the examination of a number of mill samples of fermenting flour, and of regular weekly samples from experimental vats. Autor of the post: Undefined During the first few days Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 14:00:17 +0000 Quoted by courtesy of the Director of Research, British Cotton Industry Research Association. At ordinary temperatures the fermentation was found to be remarkably regular in character. During the first few days organisms of various types yeasts and bacteria multiplied rapidly, and their number often reached 400 million per gram. Autor of the post: Undefined During these later stages Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 13:47:45 +0000 There was considerable gas evolution due to the action of yeasts on the sugar present. After the first week, however, lactic acid bacteria predominated and the steadily increasing acidity suppressed all other organisms except a small number of yeasts and cocci, which persisted throughout the fermenta- tion. During these later stages the number of organisms per gram remained fairly constant and was about 100 millions. Autor of the post: Undefined A bacteriological analysis of steeped Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 13:30:23 +0000 The process bore a general resemblance to the souring of normal milk, where lactic acid bacteria also rapidly pre- dominate and cause the suppression of putrefactive organisms. Originally no doubt an antiseptic was added with the idea certainly does not do this, though it stops the initial frothing of the flour-water mixture which was attributed by Stocks to yeast activity. A bacteriological analysis of steeped flour during the early days of fermentation in the presence of 8 to 10 per cent, of zinc chloride reveals that a considerable increase takes place in the yellow short rods belonging to the internal micro- flora of the grain. Autor of the post: Undefined The micro-organisms which have survived Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 13:17:15 +0000 The acid-producing species, on the other hand, do not appear to show much activity, and there can be no doubt that less severe microbiological changes take place in this case than in the fermentation of flour. For this reason steeping is strongly favoured by Bean, particularly as the resulting product has the same improved feel as fermented wheat flour. The micro-organisms which have survived the application of the size to a yarn or cloth are reinforced by further infection consisting of fungi and bacteria, derived from the air as well as from other sources. Autor of the post: Undefined Here the principal source Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 13:06:19 +0000 The further development of these organisms frequently leads to discolorations, technically known as mildew, and usually due to the growth of mould fungi. Mildew is of common occurrence in cotton goods, particu- larly of the unbleached type known as grey cloth . Here the principal source of mildew fungi is the raw cotton itself, which invariably contains considerable fungal mycelium and spores in addition to various types of bacteria. Autor of the post: Undefined In order to prevent Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 12:48:07 +0000 The mildew fungi of cotton goods were discussed in detail in Thaysen and Bunkers 6 treatise on the microbiology of cellulose. They are principally species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, together with certain Fungi Imperfecti. In order to prevent the growth of -mildew fungi the pre- caution must be taken either of maintaining the moisture content of the yarn or cloth at a figure below the nmm-mTiTn at which the organisms can grow, or of adding an antiseptic to the size. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |