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Exactly the same sequence does not Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 12:35:59 +0000 It has long been recognized that the various sizes employed in the textile industries do not offer equally suitable food material for micro-organisms. This has been experimentally confirmed in a series of investigations by Morris, who found that, taking the suitability of unfermented strong wheat flour.Exactly the same sequence does not necessarily apply in the case of other fungi. Autor of the post: Undefined Washing and neutralization Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 12:16:37 +0000 Broadly speaking, however, it may be claimed that starches are less suitable food materials than their corresponding raw materials, and that the fermentation of wheat flour very appreciably reduces its suitability as a food," at least for the growth of some fungi, notably Clado- sporium and Fusarium species. The inhibitory action of fermented wheat flour is less marked in the case of Asper- gittus, and least in that of Penicillium species. Washing and neutralization of a fermented flour was found by Morris to render it more suitable for mould growth, indi- cating an antiseptic value of the organic acids produced during fermentation. Autor of the post: Undefined This mmimnm was claimed Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 11:58:57 +0000 Similar investigations with bacteria and with actinomy- cetes have not yet been made. A reference was made above to the essential importance of the presence in the size of a certain TnimTrmm moisture content for micro-organisms to develop. This mmimnm was claimed by Armstead and Harland 8 to be approximately 8 per cent, in the case of the Aspergillus species studied by them, but may be slightly higher, perhaps even 10 per cent. Autor of the post: Undefined The choice of the right Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 11:39:42 +0000 , in the case of other fungi. To prevent growth of fungi when sufficient moisture is present it is essential to add an antiseptic to the size. The choice of the right antiseptic presents considerable difficulties and cannot be claimed to have been finally made. Autor of the post: Undefined It is not entirely satisfactory Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 11:26:07 +0000 Hitherto zinc chloride, in the concentration of 8 to 10 per cent., calcu- lated on the starch in the size, has been most extensively used. It is not entirely satisfactory, however, as it does not afford complete protection and under certain conditions may cause damage to the cloth. Autor of the post: Undefined Morriss investigations were carried out Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 11:08:27 +0000 A comprehensive review of a large number of other anti- septics was given by Morris, 9 who found 2:4 dibromophenol and tribromophenol the most effective, and thallium car- bonate and para-nitrophenol the most generally suitable antiseptics, with an effective antiseptic power of between six and seven times that of phenol. All of these substances, however, have certain drawbacks which may prevent their industrial application. Morriss investigations were carried out with fungi as test organisms. Autor of the post: Undefined 10 FLOUR AND STABOH ADHESIVES Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 10:55:40 +0000 The effect of these and other antiseptics bacteria present in the size has not yet been ascertained. More recently salioylanilide and certain of its compounds have been recommended for use in sizing, and for other purposes in which a powerful mildew antiseptic is required. 10 FLOUR AND STABOH ADHESIVES In addition to their use in the sizing and finishing of textiles, starch pastes are used for a large number of other purposes ; in the manufacture of cigarettes, of paper bags, cardboard boxes, in bookbinding, for bill-posting and for paper-hanging. Autor of the post: Undefined It is probably correct Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 10:45:36 +0000 For these purposes the starches, or flours wheat and rye flour being the most suitable may be boiled with water or may be given a previous treatment which partly converts the starch into dextrins. Sometimes, as in the process of Vandenberg, 11 it may even undergo a preliminary fermenta- tion process similar to that used in the preparation of fer- mented size. It is probably correct to assert, as has been done by de Keghel, that adhesives prepared from starch are less likely to be decomposed by micro-organisms than those made from flour. Autor of the post: Undefined The deeper layers show signs Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 10:26:49 +0000 The microflora which participates in the destruction of adhesives includes a variety of types. When left to itself at room temperature a paste becomes covered with a layer of bacterial and mould growth, usually composed of species of Ba mesenteries and of fungi of the genera Aspergillus and PenicilHum. The deeper layers show signs of an active fermentation giving rise to the production of gas and of esters and acids. Autor of the post: Undefined From the writers experience it Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 10:06:56 +0000 As a result the adhesive properties of the paste are destroyed. A detailed analysis of the participating types has not been made. From the writers experience it includes yellow short rods as well as many spore-forming types, including butyric acid bacteria. 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