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None of these antiseptics Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 9:50:29 +0000 The antiseptics which have been recommended to check this microbiological activity include zinc chloride, aluminium de Keghel in a concentration of 0-2 per cent, calculated on the finished adhesive, at least when the adhesive is prepared with starch. When flour is taken, a 0-1 per cent, addition is recommended instead of the higher concentration which, according to de Keghel, might coagulate the proteins of the flour and destroy their adhesive properties. None of these antiseptics is entirely satisfactory, and the question of how to make starch-containing adhesives proof against microbiological attack under all conditions still awaits solution. Autor of the post: Undefined It is not unreasonable Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 9:31:47 +0000 OF the various microbiological changes which, cereals undergo from the time of milling to their consumption as bread by far the most important take place during the preparation and the ripening of the dough. The stages by which man discovered the importance of dough fermentation obviously cannot be traced. It is not unreasonable to assume, however, as suggested by Chican- dard, 1 that they were intimately connected with the custom of primitive races of consuming the bulk of their cereal food in the form of porridge. Autor of the post: Undefined The addition of such leavens Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 9:21:36 +0000 Like porridge, dough is in principle but a mixture of finely divided grain and water, cooked in its original form on hot stones instead of in a pot. Even the crudest power of observation and deduction must have sufficed to establish that a mixture of flour and water, when left for some time prior to baking, yields a lighter and more palatable product than one placed on hot stones im- mediately after TnyriTig- From this stage to that of retaining part of a successful dough as a leaven to be included in subsequent batches there would appear to be but a short and very natural step. The addition of such leavens to a dough must have been practised for untold generations, and is undoubtedly much older than that known to have prevailed in the Roman Empire of adding fermenting grape juice to the dough. Autor of the post: Undefined Holliger may have failed Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 9:06:44 +0000 Some writers, Lafar, 2 for instance, consider that originally all natural leavens were derived from additions to the dough of fermenting grape juice or similar liquors, and base their assumption on some of Holligers experiments which showed that a mixture of flour and water, though capable of leavening a dough, does so through the activity of bacteria and not through the evolu- tion of gas by yeast, which, as has been demonstrated re- peatedly, is an essential constituent of all biological dough leavens used technically. Though. Holliger may have failed in his attempts to pro- duce a leaven, functioning through the activity of its yeast, when starting from a dough containing flour and water only, it does not necessarily follow, as Laf ar would imply, that a typical leaven can be produced only where saccharine liquors in active fermentation are added. Autor of the post: Undefined In the form used for Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 8:53:58 +0000 It is known from the work of Chrzaszcz that species of true saccharomycetes occur in the internal nicroflora of grain, types which might quite well have been the progenitors of the yeast met with in dough leavens. The addition to a dough of natural leavens, whatever their origin, is still the recognized technical procedure in the making of some types of bread, notably of rye bread. In the form used for this purpose the leaven is known as sour dough, a prepara- tion which will be discussed subsequently in greater detail. Autor of the post: Undefined Bailey and Sherwood enumerated these Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 8:39:01 +0000 The apparent ease with which a dough can be ripened by the addition of a biological leaven by no means implies that the reactions taking place during dough fermentation are simple and easily controlled. More than forty years of study have been devoted to this subject, and yet all that can be claimed is that certain groups of reactions have been recog- nized as essential for the successful fermentation of a dough. Bailey and Sherwood enumerated these reactions as diastatic changes, hydrolytio changes of the available disaccharides, fermentative changes, proteolytio changes, and changes in the hydrogen ion concentration of the dough. Autor of the post: Undefined As a preliminary an account Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 8:27:55 +0000 One of the objects of the following pages will be to inquire into the participation of micro-organisms in these changes. For this purpose the subject-matter has been divided into four sections, one dealing with the diastatio and other hydro- lytio changes affecting the carbohydrates of the dough, the remaining three referring to Bailey and Sherwoods other groups of reactions. As a preliminary an account will be given of the principles of the technique of dough making, of the various micro-organisms which occur in the dough, and of their relationship to the normal microflora of the flour. Autor of the post: Undefined Holliger 3 carried out Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 8:08:22 +0000 When flour and water are mixed to form a stiff paste, and spontaneous fermentation sets in, as was shown by Dunnen- berger and by Boutroux. The dough is ripened and can be baked, yielding a fairly satisfactory loaf. Holliger 3 carried out a study of the microflora present in the dough during this fermentation. Autor of the post: Undefined Both types may be claimed Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 7:50:41 +0000 He found it to be dominated by two non- sporing bacteria, one already known under the name of Bact. levans, and the other a gas-producing rod forming yellow colonies on ordinary laboratory media. Both types may be claimed to belong to the normal internal microflora of grain. Autor of the post: Undefined In morphology it is identical Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 7:38:00 +0000 levans was first isolated and described by Wolffin, who obtained it from sour dough and from flour , from the latter most readily after a preliminary incubation of a flour and broth mixture at 37 for 24 hours. The yellow gas-producing rod found by Holliger in spon- taneously ripened dough has never been described in detail. In morphology it is identical with the short yellow rods which characterize the epiphytic mioroflora of vegetable tissues. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |