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coli commune, interspersed with spore Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 7:20:44 +0000 Observations can readily be made on the microbiological changes which occur in a spontaneously fermenting dough by intermittent bacteriological analyses. Such analyses reveal that the original microflora, of a sound wheat flour for in- stance, which consists of short rods of the size of Bact. coli commune, interspersed with spore bearing types of the groups of aerobic soil bacilli, changes during the first 20 hours into one composed almost exclusively of non-sporing rods forming yellow colonies on ordinary media. Autor of the post: Undefined The protein has softened Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 7:06:04 +0000 The number of micro- organisms present in the dough at the end of this period may represent a 25,000 fold increase or more in the original flora. Macroscopically also certain changes are noticeable. The protein has softened and gas bubbles have began to appear in the dough. Autor of the post: Undefined acidificans longissimum type Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 6:47:26 +0000 An accumulation of acid has not yet become noticeable and can be detected only after the fermentation has proceeded for 30 to 40 hours. At this stage the number of short rods, which dominated the microflora previously, has given way to some extent to types of lactic acid bacteria, sometimes of the Streptococcus lactis acidi type and some- times of the Bact. acidificans longissimum type, and to spore-bearing rods of the butyl alcohol-producing group. Autor of the post: Undefined Vigorous gas evolution will Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 6:29:33 +0000 It is during this period that a vigorous gas evolution occurs in the dough. From this it is clear that, where a spontaneously ferment- ing dough is used as a leaven to initiate fermentation in a fresh batch of dough, the value of the addition will depend on the age of the leaven. Vigorous gas evolution will be achieved only when the leaven has reached a stage when spore-bearing anaerobes of the butyl alcohol-producing bacilli have developed. Autor of the post: Undefined He remarks that yeasts Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 6:17:53 +0000 A leaven of this type is employed in the Southern States of the United States of America to prepare the so-called salt-risen bread. Kohman 12 has given a detailed description of the preparation of salt-risen bread. He remarks that yeasts are seldom met with as an important group of the microflora. Autor of the post: Undefined Microscopic preparations and bacteriological analyses Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 6:07:21 +0000 In this type of leaven, therefore, the active microflora is essentially of bacterial origin. On examination of a sample of sour dough, the type of leaven which in earlier days was extensively used for the raising of all types of dough, and which is still employed technically in the preparation of rye bread, the impression is gained that similar conditions prevail and that bacteria take an important part in the gas evolution. Microscopic preparations and bacteriological analyses have frequently been made of sour doughs and the preponderance of bacteria in the microflora has usually been commented upon. Autor of the post: Undefined Among the yeasts were both Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 5:57:12 +0000 SchiOtz- Christensen, 13 for instance, found 8 bacteria to every 3-5 fungi and 2-6 yeast in a sour dough of Danish origin. The bacteria were principally lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, and butyric acid producing types, while the fungi included Peni- cillium glaucum, Cladosporium herbarum, and Oidium lactis. Among the yeasts were both typical saccharomycetes and species of Tonda. Autor of the post: Undefined It is scarcely relevant Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 5:45:23 +0000 Nevertheless, the activity of bacteria is not essential for the proper functioning of a sour dough, at least not for the production of gas, a reaction for which species of saccharo- mycetes are responsible. This has now been experimentally confirmed, but had already been indicated by Girards observations in 1885, that the proportions of alcohol and car- bon dioxide given off by a sour dough 5 are identical with those produced in the fermentation of sugar by yeast. It is scarcely relevant to discuss in detail all the earlier work on the microbiology of sour dough. Autor of the post: Undefined A more exhaustive investigation Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 5:30:35 +0000 The observations made were frequently of a highly speculative character for instance those of Chicandard, 1 who regarded the active organism as a bacillus producing gas by decomposition of the protein of the flour or they bear unmistakable evidence of the technical difficulties which prevailed at the time and which made an exhaustive study difficult, if not impossible. This applies to the investigation of Engel, who reported the presence in sour dough of a specific type of yeast, Saccharo- myces minor, to the studies of Marcano, Laurent and Popoff, who held that bacteria were responsible for the leavening action of sough dough, and to those of Dunnen- berger, Boutroux and Jago, who regarded yeast as the sole active type. A more exhaustive investigation, which involved closer attention to technical difficulties, revealed that the action of sour dough leaven is due to a combined activity of yeast and bacteria. Autor of the post: Undefined levans Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 5:11:45 +0000 Peters arrived at this conclusion after isolating three types of yeasts, including one resembling Saccharomyces minor, and five bacteria from samples of sour dough. And Wolffin expressed a similar opinion, finding the function of sour dough to be due to a combined action of Saccharomyces minor and Bact. levans. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |