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At the same time Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 2:13:50 +0000 During this tune the dough would usually be kneaded once to assist the fermentative changes taking place by introducing additional oxygen, thus favouring the activity of the yeast. During the resting of the sponge a fermentation of the available sugars would set in and carbon dioxide be de- veloped. At the same time the colloidal suspension of the flour proteins would become more pliable, the starch slightly hydrolysed, and a flavour developed in the sponge; all of which, when imparted to the bread, would render its crumb lighter, more aromatic and less likely to dry up. Autor of the post: Undefined It has since been found Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 2:02:25 +0000 As implied by the name barm, the active type of micro- organism in dough prepared by this method was yeast, beer- yeast, or brewers yeast as it is generally called, of the top yeast type. When barm dough was widely used this type of yeast was apparently found satisfactory. It has since been found to be much inferior to the bottom yeasts used by distillers and supplied commercially tojbakers as pressed yeast. Autor of the post: Undefined Baker suggests that one Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 1:42:37 +0000 The reason for the superiority or the latter type has been shown by Baker and Hulton 28 to be the presence in flour of some thermolabile toxic substance to which distillers yeast has become acclimatized, while brewers yeast has not. It is a question of some economic importance to devise means whereby the fermenting power of brewers yeast, when growth in flour and water mixtures can be increased to become more nearly equal to that of distillers yeast. Baker suggests that one way of doing this is to cultivate brewers yeast for three generations in typical distillers mash, that is, in solutions which have not been heated to tempera- tures high enough to destroy the thermolabile flour toxin. Autor of the post: Undefined A further simplification was introduced Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 1:24:27 +0000 In course of time barm preparations were replaced by distillery yeast, a change which to some extent could be regarded as an improvement, since it eliminated the dangers due to faulty barms. In the preparation of dough with pressed yeast the micro- biological aspects became restricted to the making of sponge and the subsequent fermentation of the dough. A further simplification was introduced when powerful kneading machines became available, and in most bakeries to-day direct preparation of the dough in one operation is the usual procedure. Autor of the post: Undefined But in spite of these Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 1:10:36 +0000 The risk of faulty fermentation is reduced to a minimum in this straight dough procedure. A considerable saving in time is also secured, since the whole of the dough can be completed in 3 to 5 hours if sufficient yeast is added in the first instance. But in spite of these advantages the adoption of the straight dough procedure has not been entirely satisfactory. Autor of the post: Undefined It is very natural, therefore Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 0:53:44 +0000 The suggestion has been made that the bread made by the straight dough procedure is lacking in something desirable in flavour and keeping properties. And, of course, an added expenditure is incurred by the addition of a larger quantity of yeast. It is very natural, therefore, that efforts should have been made to secure the advantages of the earlier methods of dough fermentation for the technically less complicated straight dough procedure. Autor of the post: Undefined A comparatively pure culture Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 0:38:53 +0000 The efforts made in this direction mil be discussed later, when an account has been given of the microbiological changes which take place in the straight dough preparation itself. From a microbiological standpoint these changes are naturally considerably simpler than those taking place in barms. A comparatively pure culture of yeast is utilized, and in quantities sufficiently large to ensure the desired changes being completed within a few hours. Autor of the post: Undefined As yeast does not hydrolyse Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 0:25:17 +0000 There is little if any opportunity therefore for other micro-organisms to develop. The straight dough fermentation may be regarded as essentially a pure yeast fermentation. As yeast does not hydrolyse starch, it may be asked how this organism can produce a volume of carbon dioxide sufficient to aerate a dough which consists essentially of starch, water, and protein. Autor of the post: Undefined Experimentally von Liebig showed Post Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2008 0:05:18 +0000 It is true that most flours contain a certain percentage of sugars, notably saccharose and glucose, but these quantities are not sufficient to ensure an ample evolution of gas. Von Liebig 30 gives for wheat flour a sugar content of 1-0 to 1-5 per cent, of saccharose, and 0-1 to 0-4 per cent, of glucose ; a total of approximately 2 per cent, of carbohydrates fermentable by yeast. Experimentally von Liebig showed that a two-hour fer- mentation with yeast resulted in a loss of 1-42 to 2-05 per cent, of sugar, indicating that the original sugar would be utilized by the yeast before the dough fermentation had been completed. Autor of the post: Undefined , calculated as glucose Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 23:46:51 +0000 Additional sources, therefore, are required if the dough fermentation is to proceed normally. Von Liebig showed that additional sugar became available through the activity of the flour itself, and found that the percentage of reducing sugars in a dough in which micro-organisms were absent increased during 14 hours incubation at 30 to as much as 4-6 per cent., calculated as glucose. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |