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The various conditions governing Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 23:35:28 +0000 The sugar formed was chiefly maltose, and its rate of production cor- responded to a diastatic power equal to one-seventh of that of a kiln-dried malt in the case of patent wheat flour, and to one-third in the case of whole meal wheat flour. It need hardly be emphasized that certain conditions must prevail for the amylase of wheat flour to function at its optimum, conditions which it is desirable, if not essential, to maintain during the fermentation of a dough. The various conditions governing the activity of the amylase of micro-organisms were discussed in Chapter II. Autor of the post: Undefined It has been shown Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 23:18:15 +0000 The three most important requirements were there shown to be the presence of sufficient moisture, an optimum tempera- ture, and an optimum concentration of hydrogen ions. Though these requirements may be asserted to be of para- mount importance also for the proper functioning of the flour amylases, they have not yet received much attention by investigators of the dough fermentation. It has been shown by Vandevelde that an increase by 30 per cent, in the water content of the dough increases the fermentative power of a yeast by 5 per cent. Autor of the post: Undefined The influence of a suitable Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 23:06:25 +0000 But it is not indicated whether this increase is due to the effect of the added water on the diastatic activity of the flour or to an action on the yeast itself. And though the establishment of an optimum temperature is generally accepted as of the greatest importance for the successful completion of a straight dough fermentation, there does not appear to be any publication dealing specifically with the influence of temperature on the diastatic functions of the dough. The influence of a suitable hydrogen ion concentration on the diastatic activity of a flour has been specifically referred to by Bailey and Sherwood, 6 by SOrensen, 32 and by Greeve and Bailey, 33 the last named ascribing the chief value of this factor to its influence on the amylases of the flour. Autor of the post: Undefined The latter investigators found Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 22:48:11 +0000 An improvement in diastatio action might of course be achieved also by deliberate addition of extraneous amylases, for instance in the form of malt, malt extract or other diastase containing substances. The effect thereby secured has been studied by Gore 34 in the case of sweet potatoes, which are rich in amylase, and bv Collatz and Raoke 35 in the case of malt extracts. The latter investigators found that too large an addition of malt extract tended to render the dough soft or wet and lowered the quality of the resulting bread. Autor of the post: Undefined Like the diastatic enzymes, maltase Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 22:37:18 +0000 The hydrolytio changes of disaccharides, to which Bailey and Sherwood refer as the second important group of re- actions taking place in straight dough fermentations, have not yet been studied in detail. Bailey and Sherwood suggest that these reactions are carried out by maltase and saccharase secreted by the yeast. Like the diastatic enzymes, maltase and sacoharase are greatly influenced in their activity by temperature and by hydrogen ion concentration. Autor of the post: Undefined After the flour and water Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 22:20:06 +0000 The actual fermentation of a straight dough, the breakdown of monoses to carbon dioxide, alcohol and traces of other substances, is due exclusively to the action of the yeast, and these reactions are influenced not only by temperature, but also by the prevailing hydrogen ion concentration. Before discussing the importance of these factors, it is desirable briefly to refer to the conditions under which the fermentation is carried out in general practice. After the flour and water have been mixed in the appropriate quanti- ties with the desired amount of pressed yeast and salt, the whole is kneaded by machine until a uniform dough results. Autor of the post: Undefined The time is markedly influenced Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 22:00:43 +0000 This dough is incubated, or set, at a temperature of to by placing it in a room kept at about , and is allowed to stand at this temperature until it has risen to its maximum volume and collapses when a finger is inserted into it. The time taken for this stage to be reached varies with the type of flour used, high protein flours strong flours taking longer than flour of low protein content weak flours. The time is markedly influenced also by various factors, to which reference will be made later. Autor of the post: Undefined During this period of proofing Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 21:46:34 +0000 Under normal conditions the time will be from six to eight hours. The dough is now re-kneaded in order to incorporate fresh supplies of oxygen, is weighed off to the requisite amounts, hours. During this period of proofing a rapid fermentation ensues, which recharges the matured dough with fresh carbon dioxide and gives it its final volume. Autor of the post: Undefined By adopting a special technique Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 21:34:12 +0000 Speaking generally, the factors which influence the course of a dough fermentation may be divided into two groups, one of which affects the growth of the yeast, and the other influences the enzymatic changes initiated by the yeast. This subdivision is indicated by Neumann and Knischew- skys 38 observations that actual growth of yeast takes place during dough fermentation. By adopting a special technique Neumann and Knischewsky were able to count the actual number of yeast cells present in a dough at various stages of the fermentation. Autor of the post: Undefined , no reproduction occurred Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 21:23:01 +0000 They ascertained in this way that a noticeable cell production took place when the quantity of yeast incorporated was equal to, or smaller than the amount normally added, even after a short period of three, or some- times even of two hours fermentation. On the other hand, where the amount of yeast was appreciably in excess of the normal quantity of 0-25 per cent., no reproduction occurred ; on the contrary, a reduction of the number of cells was often noticeable. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |