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The effect produced by these Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 21:06:10 +0000 To the growth-promoting factors belong the various food substances such as organic or inorganic nitrogen compounds, which were recommended by Kohman and collaborators and by Elion as dough stimulants. Malt and malt extracts were favoured by Collatz and Racke ; K for the same purpose, bran extracts by Quine, and by White; 4and carbamide potassium chlorate magnesium sulphate mixture by Epstein. The effect produced by these various substances can only be of advantage where a reproduction of the yeast is desired and where the number of yeast cells finally present in the dough does not exceed the maximum which can be incor- porated without imparting a yeasty flavour. Autor of the post: Undefined Where the initial addition Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 20:55:22 +0000 This maximum is usually very much in excess of the quantity of yeast nor- mally taken ; in the case of rye bread it was estimated by Holdefleiss and Wassling as 4 per cent, calculated on the flour taken. Nevertheless it is within the bounds of possi- bility that it may be exceeded during fermentation unless the initial yeast addition is kept low. Where the initial addition of yeast is low the use of growth-promoting sub- stances is of practical importance from the point of view of reducing the percentage of yeast required for the normal raising of a dough. Autor of the post: Undefined Delbrucki, gave a more uniformly Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 20:43:53 +0000 The second group of factors, the enzyme accelerating substances which increase the rate of gas evolution, and sometimes the total amount of gas produced, are controlled by the presence or absence of acids. Wahl came to the conclusion that a dough, fermented by yeast in the presence of lactic acid bacteria of the type of Bact. Delbrucki, gave a more uniformly aerated and a better flavoured loaf than dough fermented in the absence of such bacteria. Autor of the post: Undefined With little, if any justification Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 20:25:18 +0000 A similar, though not quite so pronounced effect, was observed where lactic acid was added instead of lactic acid-producing bacteria. Chabot, who dealt with the subject, found that the addition of acid caused an increased fermentation so long as a maxi- mum hydrogen ion concentration was not exceeded. With little, if any justification, this observation has been interpreted as proving that an addition of acid guarantees an early maturing of a dough. Autor of the post: Undefined A number of other substances Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 20:07:14 +0000 Thus Wagner and Glaban maintained that the changes suffered by the flour protein during dough fermentation could be brought about by the addition acids. This is not correct, however, and is contradicted 1 Bailey and Johnsons observations, which showed tha doughs, made from flour which for some reason or other had acquired an abnormally high acidity, and which, according to Wagner and Glaban, should have matured in a shorter period than normal doughs, gave unsatisfactory loaf charac- teristics, unless fermented for the normal period. A number of other substances have been recommended as useful for accelerating the dough fermentation. Autor of the post: Undefined The effect of ethyl alcohol Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 19:56:56 +0000 Kohman 49 recommended iodates and bromates, or their corresponding free acids, which he added in concentrations of 0-0005 per cent, calculated on the flour. Potassium salts were also found by Kohman and his collaborators to have a slightly bene- ficial action. The effect of ethyl alcohol, caraway seed, onions and various essential oils, such as clove oil, was determined by Neumann and Knischewsky. Autor of the post: Undefined The interpretation given by Neumann Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 19:41:21 +0000 They found that all of these substances except onions, which were doubtful in their action, favoured the dough fermentation when added in very small quantities. This observation lends experimental evidence in support of the old custom prevailing in some countries of mining caraway seed with the dough. The interpretation given by Neumann and Knischewsky of the action of ethyl alcohol, that its presence checks the development of harmful bacteria, is probably not correct. Autor of the post: Undefined Oxygen itself, however Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 19:26:19 +0000 In the concentration of 1 per cent, in which it was found to act most favourably, it could not prevent the development of the bacteria of the normal microflora of the flour. Oxidizing agents were tested by James and Huber, who could find no improvement in the dough after their addition. Oxygen itself, however, is an important accelerator. Autor of the post: Undefined The action of the fore Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 19:07:50 +0000 Though no actual investigation appears to have demonstrated this, it is clear from experience that this is the case. It has long been recognized that thorough and repeated kneading, which introduces a fresh supply of oxygen into a dough, is of the greatest value for successful maturing. The action of the fore functions primarily in the conversion of the sugars into carbon dioxide and alcohol. Autor of the post: Undefined In this connexion the observations Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 18:55:04 +0000 It should be replaceable there- fore by other hydrogen acceptors, methylene blue for in- stance. It would not be without theoretical interest to ascertain whether this is the case. In this connexion the observations of Masters and Maughan 62 on the accelerating influence on the dough fermentation of small quantities of fresh ox-serum are noteworthy. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |