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The nature of the stimulant Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 18:41:40 +0000 Additions of 1 per cent, of this substance were claimed to improve the fermentation sufficiently to cause an increase in volume of the finished loaf of between 15 and 16 per cent. The action was not due, as might have been thought, to the introduction of additional nitrogen, since serum more than three days old showed little if any action. The nature of the stimulant con- tained in fresh ox-serum has not yet been established. Autor of the post: Undefined On standing the serum was Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 18:29:11 +0000 The agent is apparently thennolabile since it was found to be rapidly destroyed on boiling. Lower temperatures, 60 for instance, were withstood for some time. On standing the serum was inactivated after a few days ; it could be preserved, however, for a considerable time when precipitated as part of the protein precipitate obtained on saturating the serum with ammonium sulphate. Autor of the post: Undefined To the first group belong Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 18:12:24 +0000 Addition of small concentrations of formaldehyde to fresh ox-serum also preserved it. Against these observations on substances which favour the dough fermentation must be set the observations which have been made on innocuous and inhibitory substances. To the first group belong the chlorides, nitrites, nitrates and sulphates, tested by Kohman and his collaborators. Autor of the post: Undefined Vandeveldes statement that a high Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 17:52:52 +0000 Phosphates, at least when a sufficiency of phosphates is already present in the dough, were also ineffective. These observations of Kohmans, which wore confirmed by Neumann and Knischewsky, are of particular interest as regards the chlorides, since common salt has for years past been regarded as a retarder of the fermentation, checking also the development of undesirable bacteria and fungi. Vandeveldes statement that a high gluten (protein) con- tent in a flour affects the fermentation disadvantageously may appear surprising. Autor of the post: Undefined An inhibitory influence is undoubtedly Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 17:41:56 +0000 If confirmed this may be found to be due to the fact, elucidated by Bailey and Johnson, 48 that an optimum hydrogen ion concentration takes longer to establish in a dough with high gluten content than in one with a normal or small percentage, owing to the increased buffering action of the flour with high gluten percentages. It cannot be due to a direct inhibitory influence exercised by the large protein content. An inhibitory influence is undoubtedly caused by the addition of larger doses of certain spices or their corresponding essential oils and of many chemicals. Autor of the post: Undefined In the bakehouse such tests Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 17:23:46 +0000 It has not been de- termined whether the action in these cases affects the de- velopment of the yeast cells or the functioning of their enzymes. For the study of the dough fermentation, that is for the elucidation of the conditions affecting it, and of the sub- stances interfering with its normal course, it has been im- portant to devise tests which indicate a normal progress of the fermentation, the attainment of a maximum gas evolution, and the completion of the fermentation. In the bakehouse such tests have been empirically evolved and have been restricted to ascertaining when a dough was ready for proofing (weighing). Autor of the post: Undefined At this stage, therefore Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 17:11:53 +0000 This may be done by inserting a finger into the dough, which, if matured, will recede or collapse. The explanation given by Bailey and Johnson of this test is that the gluten of a mature dough has been softened to such an extent that it can no longer prevent the escape of gas, which, in consequence, is being lost at a rate faster than that at which it can be replaced, probably because of the rupturing of vesicles of gas at the surface of the dough and perhaps indirectly owing to an exhaustion of the available sugar supplies setting in. At this stage, therefore, the dough must have reached its maximum volume. Autor of the post: Undefined They do this by absorbing Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 16:53:51 +0000 Basing their efforts on this assumption, Bailey and Johnson have attempted to evolve a reliable method of ascertaining when a dough has matured sufficiently to be proofed and made ready for baking. They argue that, since at a given stage there is a rapid loss of carbon dioxide, it should be possible to determine this stage by measuring the carbon dioxide evolution of the dough at intervals. They do this by absorbing the gas given off with a dilute solution of alkali possessing a hydrogen ion concentration corresponding to a pH value . Autor of the post: Undefined A somewhat similar method Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 16:41:49 +0000 The time takers for this pH value to decrease to as indicated by the changes in phenol red from pink to yellow, is taken as a measure of the rate of carbon dioxide evolution. In their experiments Bailey and Johnson found that a sharp increase in gas evolution from a dough was indicated by this method and coincided with the time of ripening of the dough. A somewhat similar method has been advocated by James and Huber 61 for flour and water suspensions. Autor of the post: Undefined Since Jessen-Hansen first drew Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 16:27:47 +0000 Here the fermentation is allowed to proceed in a flask and the carbon dioxide given off is collected in an inverted tube in which it moves a registering arm recording the changes. Either of these methods appears to be superior to that by which the ripening of a dough is correlated with changes in hydrogen ion concentration. Since Jessen-Hansen first drew attention to the connexion between changes in the hydrogen ion concentration and the ripening of a dough, the view has gained ground that once the optimum pH value of 5-0 has been established, the gas evolu- tion of a dough has reached its maximum and the fermenta- tion should therefore be arrested (Brewster Morison ). 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |