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The various flours used Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 16:16:04 +0000 It was suggested that a simple measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration of a dough would suffice to show when proofing could be commenced. It is not surprising to hear that more recent investigations have had to revise this view. The various flours used in bread-making, even various types of wheat flour, differ too markedly in chemical composition, notably as regards their protein content, to justify the con- clusion that the establishment of a given hydrogen ion concentration in a given time is unaffected by the nature of the flour. Autor of the post: Undefined As a contrast these writers Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 15:59:04 +0000 This is clear from the observations of Bailey and Sherwood, who found that the hydrogen ion concentration of a dough made with wholemeal flour increases more slowly than that of a dough prepared from patent flour. Bailey and Johnson recorded that, in the case of a wholemeal dough which is allowed to ferment until its optimum pH value of 6-0 has been reached, the resulting bread was inferior, the protracted fermentation having rendered the crumb wet, and having greatly increased the loss of dry matter. As a contrast these writers record that, where the fermentation of a patent flour which for some reason or other had acquired an abnormally high acidity, was arrested through the hydro- gen ion concentration of the dough had reaching its optimum, the resulting loaf was harsh and unfinished. Autor of the post: Undefined Undoubtedly there is here Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 15:46:27 +0000 It is hardly safe to assert, therefore, as has occasionally been done (Wagner and Glaban ), that the time of fermentation of a dough may be shortened, and perhaps even almost completely eliminated by artificially establishing an optimum hydrogen ion con- centration in the dough. Apart from the attention paid to the changes in the hydro- gen ion concentration of a dough and to the production of carbon dioxide and alcohol, surprisingly little time has been spent on the study of the biochemical changes which take place as a result of the activity of yeast and perhaps of other micro-organisms. Undoubtedly there is here a wide field for future investigations. Autor of the post: Undefined The increase in pH value Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 15:30:09 +0000 It is realized that the increase in hydrogen ion concentra- tion during fermentation is due to the production of one or more acids, but their exact nature has not been determined. It seems likely that the carbon dioxide, which has been known since Chicandards time to constitute the bulk of the gas included in a dough, may take a part in the lowering of the pH value, though the chief agencies in this respect are probably the various acids formed during fermentation. The increase in pH value of a loaf which can be noticed during baking, and to which Bailey and Sherwood drew attention, indicates that part of the dough acidity must be of a volatile nature. Autor of the post: Undefined The appearance and disappearance Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 15:12:43 +0000 The bacteria responsible for its production are identical with or related to Bact. acidificans longissimum, Lafar, a type which, is added in many distilleries to the wort to encourage the growth of the yeast and to suppress other bacteria. The appearance and disappearance of ethyl alcohol, the second important fermentation product of yeast, during dough raising and on baking respectively, has been discussed by some writers. Autor of the post: Undefined , the figure obtained by Snyder Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 14:54:49 +0000 Graham demonstrated very forcibly the possible economic importance of this question when pointing out, according to Pohl, that more than a million and a quarter litres of alcohol were allowed to escape yearly from the ovens of the bakeries of London. The percentage of ethyl alcohol present in straight doughs may be placed at somewhat more than 1 per cent., the figure obtained by Snyder and Voorheer, 55 and subsequently con- firmed by Czapek. Autor of the post: Undefined , and for a week old Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 14:35:48 +0000 During baking the bulk of this alcohol escapes, but the finished bread, nevertheless, contains measurable quantities. The figure obtained by Bolas 67 for fresh London bread was 3-4 per cent., and for a week old bread 0-120 to 0-139 per cent. Autor of the post: Undefined All the investi- gations carried Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 14:22:55 +0000 These figures are possibly somewhat high and are probably based on analyses of bread made with barm or sponge. The more recent data of Pohl, which refer to straight dough bread, are lower and record 0-0508 per cent, of alcohol in fresh bread. All the investi- gations carried out on the presence of alcohol in bread have confirmed Sandbergs 68 conclusion that the original alcohol content of fresh bread is reduced on the weeks storage by as much as 55 per cent. Autor of the post: Undefined It is based Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 14:05:12 +0000 Recently attempts have been made to recover the very appreciable quantities of alcohol which are produced in the bakehouse. Andrusiani 60 describes one such attempt which would appear, however, to have met with little economic success. It is based on an alteration to the bakeoven which makes it possible to withdraw and to condense the vapours emanatingfrom it. Autor of the post: Undefined It was with a view Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 13:51:39 +0000 These vapours were claimed by Mousette 00 to contain 1-6 per cent, of ethyl alcohol and 0-06 per cent, of acetic acid. Since the quantity of ethyl alcohol produced during the dough fermentation may amount to over 1 per cent, of the total weight of the dough, and knowing that the quantity of carbon dioxide evolved must be even greater, it will be appreciated that the inroad made during fermentation on the carbohydrates of the dough cannot be regarded as negligible. It was with a view to restricting this loss of carbohydrates that the various attempts already referred to of shortening the fermentation period were made. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |