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They attain this by preparing Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 13:38:52 +0000 Their practical value has been questionable. A more promising method would appear to be that ad- vocated by Doree and Kirkland of combining the old fashioned barm method of preparation of dough with the simplicity of the straight dough process. They attain this by preparing a 9 per cent, malt extract solution, and by fermenting it with of yeast per sack of flour. Autor of the post: Undefined This procedure was found Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 13:18:58 +0000 The fer- mentation completed, the extract is mixed with the whole of the flour and the dough is allowed to ferment for 3 hours after kneading in the usual manner. In this way they utilize a yeast culture in a liquid medium as a starter instead of pressed yeast. This procedure was found by Scliber and Bovshik to be more economical than the use of pressed yeast, as regards consumption of raw material for the pro- duction of the yeast cells required to raise a given unit of dough. Autor of the post: Undefined The batter is then made Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 13:03:22 +0000 An entirely different method of reducing the consumption of carbohydrates during dough raising is achieved in the making of salt-risen bread, a type of bread which is exten- sively prepared in the Southern States of the United States of America. The leaven for this type of bread is made from maize meal, salt, soda, and milk, which are mixed into a batter and kept warm, usually for 15 to 20 hours, until gas begins to be formed. The batter is then made up with wheat flour into a slack dough and is allowed to ferment for 1 to 3 hours. Autor of the post: Undefined One of the bacteria isolated Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 12:49:00 +0000 According to Kohman 12 the gas evolved is a mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the proportions of 1 part of the former to 2 parts of the latter, indicating that bacteria are primarily responsible for the gas production. This is con- firmed by microscopic examination and bacteriological analysis of the dough. One of the bacteria isolated by Koh- man was Bact. Autor of the post: Undefined Koser 63 refers Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 12:30:18 +0000 levans. Except for small quantities of acids no fermentation products other than hydrogen and carbon dioxide are produced during salt dough raising, and less flour is therefore required for leavening than in the case of a yeast raised dough. Koser 63 refers to a similar method of leavening adopted by certain bakeries in Washington. Autor of the post: Undefined No less important than Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 12:11:21 +0000 Here an anaerobic butyric acid producing bacillus can be identified as the responsible micro-organism. Koser refers to the close relationship of this type to the pathogenic Ba WekJiii, a species which he utilized to leaven experimental dough samples. No less important than the fermentation of the available carbohydrates is the fourth group of reactions which occur during the leavening of a dough, those affecting the proteins present. Autor of the post: Undefined Sharp and Schreiner Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 11:51:45 +0000 Bailey and Sherwood refer to this group of reactions as the proteolysis or hydrolysis of the gluten. This proteolysis proceeds simultaneously with the conversion of the carbo- hydrates (Sharp and Schreiner ) and is markedly influenced by the hydrogen ion concentration of the dough, a pH value of 6-0 representing an optimum. Sharp and Schreiner have shown that the plasticity of the protein increases to a maximum as the yeast fermentation proceeds, but there is no definite experimental evidence to show that proteolytio enzymes, secreted by the yeast, axe responsible for this change. Autor of the post: Undefined Turning to the last Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 11:40:04 +0000 In fact it is still an open question whether the softening, or increased plasticity of the gluten during dough making, is due to enzymes produced by the yeast, by the flour, or by other agencies. Perhaps it may be taken as an indication that, since barms give rise to a more plastic protein than the straight dough fermentation, the proteolytic activity is governed by other factors than the enzymes of yeast and flour. Turning to the last of Bailey and Sherwoods five important groups of reactions which governs the fermentation of a dough, it may be recalled that an optimum hydrogen ion concentration must be established in a dough for the various reactions to take place under favourable conditions. Autor of the post: Undefined This reaction is considerably more Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 11:23:52 +0000 It is a remarkable and fortunate coincidence that these various hydrogen ion concentration requirements should be practically identical, and that not only the diastatio changes of the flour, but also the hydrolysis of the disaccharides thereby produced, the gas evolution, and the proteolysis of the gluten should proceed most favourably on the acid side of the neutral point. Jessen-Hansen 63 and most other in- vestigators give the optimum hydrogen ion concentration as equivalent to a pH value of 5-0 to 5-2. This reaction is considerably more acid than that of the flour itself, at least under normal conditions and in the case of patent wheat flours, for which Chabot 46 records a pH value of 6-0 to 6-4, and Fisher and Halton pH 5-8. Autor of the post: Undefined They are average figures Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 11:07:58 +0000 During the fermentation of a dough production of acid is therefore essential to establish an optimum reaction. There are in existence a number of data, determined by Bailey and Sherwood, which show the rate of increase in hydrogen ions of straight doughs prepared with wheat flour. They are average figures of determinations from seven individual experiments. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |