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In this case the following Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 10:57:03 +0000 They indicate that the most suitable hydrogen ion concentration is not normally reached by this method of dough raising. A nearer approach to optimum conditions was obtained by Bailey and Sherwood when the dough was prepared by sponging. In this case the following hydrogen ion concentra- tions were recorded. Autor of the post: Undefined Morison and Collatz 66 give Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 10:40:29 +0000 It is not to be overlooked that the increase in acidity of a dough during fermentation is influenced by other factors than that of the mode of ripening. It is influenced also by the buffering properties of the flour used. Morison and Collatz 66 give several instances of how the addition of identical quanti- ties of the same acid to two different flours bring about a greater hydrogen ion concentration in the dough made from one flour than in that made from the other Similar results were obtained by Fisher and Halton. Autor of the post: Undefined Accord- ing to Fisher Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 10:29:52 +0000 As a rule it may be claimed that the hydrogen ion concentration of doughs made from a clear flour which possesses very pronounced buffering properties is less readily changed than those of doughs made from patent flour. There may be cases, therefore, where in practice it will be difficult, if not impossible, to bring the hydrogen ion concen- tration of a dough to the figure which until recently has been considered the most suitable for ripening purposes. Accord- ing to Fisher and Halton this would appear to be unim- portant, provided that the reaction of the dough is not allowed to change from the acid side of the neutral point to the alkaline side. Autor of the post: Undefined There are the findings Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 10:17:15 +0000 Also according to them it is infinitely more important to ascertain that the reaction of a dough does not fall below a pH value of 5-0, than to secure that it is main- tained near this figure, since their experiments have con- vinced them that a rapid deterioration of the dough and the loaf results from carrying out the dough fermentation at pH values of 4-8 or less. While this is probably correct, it is difficult to harmonize Fisher and Haltons statement that the hydrogen ion con- centration of a dough is unimportant provided it is main- tained on the acid side of the neutral point and does not fall below the pH value of 4-8, with the observations of other workers on the value of the addition of acids to improve the baking qualities of a dough. There are the findings of White, for instance, showing that an acidulated extract of bran, when added to a dough, im- proves the fermentation more than a neutral extract of the same bran, and there are the observations of Wahl 46 on the value of the addition of lactic acid to a dough, a value which is ascribed by him to the increased hydrogen ion concentra- tion thereby secured. Autor of the post: Undefined THE introduction of the ripened dough Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 10:02:30 +0000 The nature of the acids responsible for the increase in hydrogen ion concentration of a fermenting dough has not been clearly established. The fact that the acidity decreases during baking must be interpreted, as already mentioned, as proof that part at least of this increase is due to volatile fermentation products such as carbon dioxide and acetic acid, the latter of which was observed in sour doughs by Lehmann.THE introduction of the ripened dough into the baking oven, reaching microbiological changes in the dough. Autor of the post: Undefined On the surface Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 9:43:41 +0000 After a brief interval of greatly increased activity as the temperature of the dough rises, all enzymatic activity comes to a standstill, The effect of the maximum temperature on the microflora of the dough has not been investigated in very great detail. Nevertheless there are sufficient observations to show that though this effect is destructive it does not completely elimi- nate micro-organisms, at least not in the case of the spore- forming bacteria occurring in the crumb. On the surface of the dough, in the crust, no micro-organisms or their spores can withstand the temperature of the baking, and this part of the loaf leaves the oven sterile. Autor of the post: Undefined Roussel points out, however Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 9:28:34 +0000 The fate of fungus spores during baking, when contained in the interior of the crumb, was investigated by Welte, who placed large numbers of the spores of Penicillium glaucum, Aspergillus nidulans and Mucor stolonifer, enclosed in filter paper, in the centre of a dough ready for baking. He found that, on removal of the test loaves from the oven, all of these spores had been destroyed The resistance to the baking temperature of non-spore- forming bacteria enclosed in the dough was studied by Roussel and by von Fenyvessy and Dienes, who agree that these forms are destroyed during baking. Roussel points out, however, that tubercle bacteria present in the dough retain their viability after baking. Autor of the post: Undefined These organisms can be shown Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 9:17:42 +0000 Nevertheless there is little doubt that Roussels conclusions are essentially correct, and that normally non-spore-forming bacteria, as well as yeasts and fungi and their spores, are destroyed during baking. Types which may be found in the crumb comprise cocci and some- times lactic acid producing bacteria of the type of Strepto- coccus lactis acidi. These organisms can be shown occasionally to have survived by emulsifying a piece of the crumb of a newly baked loaf, collected under the strictest aseptic con- ditions, with sterile physiological salt solution and incubating In contrast to the spores of fungi, those of spore-forming bacteria, notably of the group of aerobic soil bacilli, are fre- quently found in fresh bread. Autor of the post: Undefined In practice little, if any Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 9:06:34 +0000 They have undoubtedly survived the temperature of baking. Where they occur, and also in the more exceptional cases of the survival of cocci and lactic acid bacteria, there is a possibility of microbiological activity starting in the interior of loaves which remain stored for some time, provided their water content does not fall appreciably below the normal of 45 to 48 per cent. In practice little, if any harm, is done by this surviving microflora, except where the crumb is infected with certain types of Ba mesentricus, or where butyric acid producing bacteria have survived. Autor of the post: Undefined The subject of ropy bread Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 8:47:57 +0000 In the first case a loaf may become ropy on storage a complaint which has been, and to some extent still is, of considerable economic importance. In the second case sour bread results, a com- plaint which in earlier days was regarded as a fairly common disease of bread (Atwater 6 ). The subject of ropy bread will be dealt with in some detail in this chapter. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |