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Welte 4 mentions Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 8:37:12 +0000 When a loaf has left the oven, its sterile crust becomes exposed to infection with micro-organisms which may be air borne or may be carried by insects (Roeser) or man. This infection comprises both bacteria and fungi, the latter being the more important, since they develop at comparatively low moisture contents. Welte 4 mentions that he observed growth of fungi on bread containing no more than 25 per cent, of moisture. Autor of the post: Undefined The various products Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 8:25:02 +0000 A more detailed discussion of observations made on the action of fungi on bread will form a section of this chapter. Their range of activity comprises the whole loaf, sliced bread and other baking products which are unprotected by a crust. The various products of the bakery are affected also by infections other than the common bread fungi, infections which may be either bacterial or fungal in origin. Autor of the post: Undefined This may well appear surprising Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 8:10:59 +0000 The ap- pearance of imaginary blood on bread and the formation of chalky bread are cases in point which may well lay claim to separate discussion. There remains to be recorded the fact that the growth of aotinomyoetes has not yet been associated with the deteriora- tion of bread and other baking products. This may well appear surprising in view of the ubiquitous occurrence of the actinomycetes and of their marked starch hydrolysing pro- perties. Autor of the post: Undefined The brownish spots subsequently coalesce Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 7:53:00 +0000 Research in this field remains to be initiated. The disease of bread, technically described as rope , manifests itself in its early stages as a brownish to reddish-brown spotty discoloration of the crumb and imparts to the affected bread a faint sickly smell. The brownish spots subsequently coalesce and spread, finally turning the whole of the crumb into a brown, semi-liquid, mucilaginous mass which may sometimes be drawn out into long threads. Autor of the post: Undefined In this connexion it Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 7:37:27 +0000 By this time the odour of the crumb has become most objectionable, not unlike that of a mixture of rotten fruit and overripe cheese. The disease does not usually become evident until about 12 hours after a loaf has left the oven, but once started it spreads quickly through the crumb and may destroy it in the course of a day when conditions are favourable. In this connexion it is noteworthy that rope has not been observed in stale dry bread and that the most dangerous period for the outbreak of rope is the time during which the loaves are cooled subsequent to their removal from the oven. Autor of the post: Undefined As a means of preventing Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 7:21:54 +0000 The first investigator to associate micro-organisms with the appearance of rope was Laurent, 8 who isolated a bacillus from affected bread and described it under the name of Ba panificans. According to him this bacillus was responsible also for the normal fermentation of a dough, and caused rope only where the bread contained insufficient acid. As a means of preventing rope Laurent recommended the addition of acetic acid during periods when and in places where the disease occurred. Autor of the post: Undefined The reaction which is regarded Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 7:02:09 +0000 Though subsequent investigations have shown that Sa panificans is neither the specific organism of the normal dough fermentation nor the causative agent of rope, Laurents observations have been of permanent value by connecting the occurrence of rope with the reaction of the affected bread. Without exception subsequent investigators have found that bread and dough possessing a definite acidity are less sus- ceptible to the disease of rope than neutral or slightly alkaline bread. The reaction which is regarded as sufficient to protect bread was stated by Lloyd and McCrea 9 to be equivalent to a hydrogen ion concentration of the pH value 5-0 to 5-5. Autor of the post: Undefined In the best of cases Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 6:51:04 +0000 Cohen, Wolbach, Henderson and Cathoarts 10 investigations indicated that an even higher acidity might be necessary, and in Morison and Collatzs 11 experiments it was shown that an acidity corresponding to a pH value of 4-8 to 4-9 is required to prevent rope. At this hydrogen ion concentration, however, a satisfactory loaf can no longer be produced from patent flour. In the best of cases, and taking Lloyd and McCrees highest figure, there is therefore, as Fisher and Halton 12 point out, only a very slight margin of safety between the reaction required for the prevention of rope and that at which bread can be produced, at least when acids such as acetic and lactic are used to establish the desired hydrogen ion concentration. Autor of the post: Undefined per 280 Ib Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 6:40:48 +0000 Fisher and Halton would appear to have overcome this difficulty by selecting acid calcium phosphate instead of free acids for the adjustment of the reaction. They use this salt in quantities of 2 Ib. per 280 Ib. Autor of the post: Undefined A convincing explanation Post Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2008 6:26:32 +0000 of flour, or at the rate of 0-71 per cent., and claim that this concentration successfully prevents rope in bread without reducing the pH value below the figure of 6-0 ; a pH value of 5-19 being the usual reaction observed. A convincing explanation of this interesting observation is not given by Fisher and Halton. 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| 2442 | 2443 | 2444 | 2445 | 2446 | 2447 | 2448 | 2449 | 2450 | 2451 | 2452 | 2453 | 2454 | 2455 | 2456 | 2457 | 2458 | 2459 | 2460 | 2461 | 2462 | 2463 | 2464 | 2465 | 2466 | 2467 | 2468 | 2469 | 2470 | 2471 | 2472 | 2473 | 2474 | 2475 | 2476 | 2477 | 2478 | 2479 | 2480 | 2481 | 2482 | 2483 | 2484 | 2485 | 2486 | 2487 | 2488 | 2489 | 2490 | 2491 | 2492 | 2493 | 2494 | 2495 | 2496 | 2497 | 2498 | 2499 | 2500 | 2501 | 2502 | 2503 | 2504 | 2505 | 2506 | 2507 | 2508 | 2509 | 2510 | 2511 | 2512 | 2513 | 2514 | 2515 | 2516 | 2517 | 2518 | 2519 | 2520 | 2521 | 2522 | 2523 | 2524 | 2525 | 2526 | 2527 | 2528 | 2529 | 2530 | 2531 | 2532 | 2533 | 2534 | 2535 | 2536 | 2537 | 2538 | 2539 | 2540 | 2541 | 2542 | 2543 | 2544 | 2545 | 2546 | 2547 | 2548 | 2549 | 2550 | 2551 | 2552 | 2553 | 2554 | 2555 | 2556 | 2557 | 2558 | 2559 | 2560 | 2561 | 2562 | 2563 | 2564 | 2565 | 2566 | 2567 | 2568 | 2569 | 2570 | 2571 | 2572 | 2573 | 2574 | 2575 | 2576 | 2577 | 2578 | 2579 | 2580 |